Psychology - 1499 Words

Psychology Name Course Tutor Institution Psychology Discuss the rationale why each disorder applies to the patient and each AXIS that goes with each disorder. Signs and symptoms indicate that Smith is suffering from clinical disorders. All the signs and symptoms she is positive and hence indicating that she is suffering from adjustment disorder, bipolar disorder, eating disorder, major depressive disorder, borderline personality disorder and the acute stress disorder. She suffered from some form of mental retardation when she was young, mainly when her mother was harsh. She could be pushed around and forced to babysit her younger sister and brother. She argued out that her mother was both physically and emotionally abusive.†¦show more content†¦Smith decided to start drinking like her father a way of coping with the situation she was undergoing through. This is a poor model of decision making. The adjustment disorder is illustrated by dropping out of school yet she was very good in her class work, lack of concentration on what she was doing and the feeling of hopelessness and helplessness. The eating disorder is characterized by her decision to commit suicide by taking someone prescription. She also lost some weight dug to too much drinking and drug abuse that shifted her concentration from eating a balanced diet. The major depressive disorder in her was characterized by low mood and the worsening relationship with her family members. She did not get along well with her mother considering that she was emotionally and physically tortured. Lastly, the border disorder was characterized by symptoms such as stress. She was always under pressure that contributed to a stress build up. She had a problem of controlling her emotions and hence decided to commit suicide. She also could not adhere to her outpatient counseling after recovering from the attempted suicide. The above DSM criteria was positive and hence the disorders. Differential Diagnosis for Axis 1 and 11 Elimination method was used to diagnose in axis 1 and 11. Substance related disorders were recorded positive. Smith started drinking as a way of coping with the situation at home. This wasShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Psychology And Psychology1627 Words   |  7 Pagescovers the many questions we may have about psychology. It starts with the history and how it has changed throughout the years. It covers some of the many subfields and jobs you can have as a psychologist. It also covers the four big ideas that are associated with psychology. There are many more topics and sub-topics that will be covered within this paper on chapter 1. Section 1-1 Psychological Science is born: This section shows how the heart of psychology changes over time. In 1879, at a germanRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1519 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has been defined by many as the study of mental disorder or behavioral problems but discoveries and developments, points to psychology as the study of human mind and its functionality which includes the way we think, act, perceive things and be able to make decisions; all these makes man a complex being. Psychology isn’t just a phenomenon; it is a scientific study. Psychology as a science answers the question â€Å"why†, proposes a theory and sets experiment to test the hypothesis. The researchRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology889 Words   |  4 PagesOne: Psychology Defined Psychology is an exceptionally multifaceted field of study, regardless, it can be commonly defined as the study of mental processes and human behavior. The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict and control the behavior of others. Psychology incorporates an extensive range of different perspectives into its general principles as well as focuses on securing them with applied research, case studies, evaluations, etc. I first became interested in psychology whenRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1018 Words   |  5 Pagesof psychology is common to talk about the psychological schools, as these are defined as groups of psychologists who shared a theoretical view and focused psychological problems with a common orientation; these have evolved over time. Psychology was first established as a separate science of biology and philosophy, that s when the real debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began start, different psychological schools represent the major theories of psychology. TheRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology892 Words   |  4 PagesWhen you first think of the word psychology, what is the first thing that comes to your mind? Well, some people might say they don’t know or some would say it’s something that has to do with the mind and/or human behavior. Psychology which comes from the Greek term â€Å"psyche† is the study of mental processes and behavior; especially those affecting behavior in a given context. There are several schools of thought in psychology. These schools include: structuralism (Wundt), functionalism (James), gestaltRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1267 Words   |  6 PagesPaper What is psychology? What impact does psychology have on the world? What does it mean to be a psychologist? These are three important questions that will be investigated throughout this paper. Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. Psychology influences many behaviors in the world without anyone noticing. Watson is interested in behaviorism. This means he was interested in the behavior of people and how they act and react. Through his article, Psychology as the BehavioristRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology850 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology to me is meant to help people understand the complexity of other human beings. We have established the existence of many disorders which are mainly beyond the control of people because of chemical imbalances in the brain. Although with these reasons, we still have attached negative and positive connotations to many disorders. We have created this concept of psychology in order to help us try to find some sense of order in our lives. This can allow us to try rank ourselves next to anotherRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1703 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has a lot of jobs to choose from.Any job in psychology is going to be involved helping people. Trying to find out why people do the things they do and trying to predi ct the behavior of people, their emotions, and mental processes. Making sure your child or any person you care about is okay mentally, is important and is the job of people who work in a major in psychology. For this paper, the roles of a psychiatrist, a counselor, and a psychologist will be discussed. The audience will learnRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1300 Words   |  6 PagesIn Psychology There are six modern psychological perspectives. These perspectives are behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, social, cultural, and biological. Each perspective has its own unique way of explaining human behavior. I think that really explains the complex mental processes and behavior, and each prospective study should not be limited to just one. The following is my explanation of the terms and comparisons between the psychodynamic and behavioral aspects relating to the OctoberRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology Essay2200 Words   |  9 PagesHow is ps ychology defined today? How did psychology start out being defined originally? Humans have always been interested in understanding their own body, especially the brain itself. Some of the first people to explore psychology were Aristotle and Socrates, (even though some of the things they thought were wrong) of course at the time they did not know what exactly they were studying. https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/introduction-to-psychology-1/intr

A Comparison of Utopian Societies - 885 Words

Ever since the worlds first nation state was created, the number one goal of its citizens has been to create the â€Å"perfect† society. To a majority of people in the novels Brave New World (c.1932) by Aldous Huxley and The Giver (c.1993) by Lois Lowry, a utopia and â€Å"perfect† society has been accomplished. But at a second glance, the world that Huxley creates and Lowry’s community are actually totalitarian dystopias with many secrets. The similarities of both novels are evident and some readers may make the conclusion that Lowry simply wrote a spinoff of Huxley’s novel. Yes, the similarities of these two novels are phenomenal, but so are the differences. Both novels take place in a futuristic society, yet both communities are distinctly†¦show more content†¦The advanced technologies of both societies allow total control to be possible and the elusion of a utopia to be created. The members of each society have agreed to relinquish some freedo ms and pleasures in order to reach a utopian state. The people of both novels have in essence â€Å"gained control of many things. But [†¦] had to let go of others.†(Giver95). Both novels feature a man who represents authority and order in their society. Mustapha Mond and the Giver are two men who are entrusted with the order and authority of their respective societies, they are the men who â€Å"make the laws†(BNW192). The principal conflict of both novels is person vs. society and both Mond and the Giver are leaders/representatives of their societies, so the argument can be made that both of these men are the antagonists of their novels. Mond and the Giver are also given access to things the rest of their communities haven’t even heard of. Both Mond and the Giver are granted the privilege of access to an enormous quantity of restricted pieces of literature. Mond in particular has access to the complete works of William Shakespeare. Brave New World and The Giver may both be sci-fi dystopian novels, but they are unique in their own ways. The major difference in both novels is the family and socialShow MoreRelatedA Comparison Of Thomas Mores Utopia, And The Symposium By Plato1607 Words   |  7 Pageschallenge pre-existing notions in society. The two stories prompt readers to reconsider certain aspects of life which one might have found to be quite one-sided. Thomas More introduces us to an island called Utopia which serves as a model of perfection in each facet of everyday life. In The Symposium, Plato and his friends contribute distinctive interpretations on the origin and meaning of love. Both author’s purpose in their writings was to confront ideas in which society has a rather common shared perceptionRead MoreUtopia, by Thomas More: Your Wost Nightmare Essay1419 Words   |  6 Pagesscholars fail to appreciate the significance of Utopian religious freedom because it stands in the shadow of commun ism, the other great founding principle of Mores fictional republic. Raphael Hythlodaeus, Utopias main character, describes Utopian communism in great detail, contrasting its virtues at length to the vices of private property in Europe. Indeed, he asserts that the abolition of private property is the key to European as well as Utopian political health† (Kessler and Sandford) Read More Humanities’ Irrational and its Effects on a Utopian Society1690 Words   |  7 Pageshuman psyche is divided into rational and irrational drives. Courtesy of Sigmund Freud, it is divided into the id, ego, and super-ego. According to Freud, although the super-ego controls the other two to present ourselves in a rational state within society, the id often tends to be out of complete control by the conscious, making it an unconscious action. For Freud, it’s the recognition that the irrational is there, that it must be controlled to take over. Man’s aggressive nature does tend to overpowerRead MoreAn Analysis Of Aphra Behn s Seventeenth Century Travel Narrative, Oroonoko, And Utopia1289 Words   |  6 PagesThomas More’s sixteenth-century Utopia displays his subtle criticism of English society behind the words of his character Raphael Hythloday, who travels the world and explores the rationality of Utopia. These authors criticize many of the conventions of their time periods through their characters’ explorations into new ideas and territories. In Oroonoko and Utopia, nature and reason lead the natives’ governments and societies instead of the corruption of the wealthy and noble Europeans. Both OroonokoRead MoreCollin Labranche. May 9Th, 2017. Barosky. English 102.1227 Words   |  5 Pages The novel Gulliver s Travels by Jonathan Swift displays the vast difference of the Houyhnhnms society in comparison to ours. Harrison’s essay describes the way our society perceives home much differently than the way Houyhnhnms do. In modern day, and more specifically in the 18th century the family system that we associate with views home as a place for love, family, and support. In comparison to the Houyhnhnms, they use the home as more a community area to gather. Each article by Harrison,Read More Henry David Thoreaus Civil Disobedience and Martin Luther Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail820 Words   |  4 Pagesenduring contemplation of life and its purpose, insightfully analyzes the conflicting relationship between the government and the people it governs. He considerately evokes the notion that the majority of people are restrained by the government and society from making decisions with consideration of their conscience and that people need to overcome the reign of the government to realize their own ethics and morals. King, in accordance, eloquently and passionately contends the injustice presented inRead MoreComparative Essay on Henry David Thoreau in Civil Disobedience and Martin Luther King in Letter from Birmingham Jail820 Words   |  4 Pagesenduring contemplation of life and its purpose, insightfully analyzes the conflicting relationship between the government and the people it governs. He considerately evokes the notion that the majority of people are restrained by the government and society from making decisions with consideration of their conscience and that people need to overcome the reign of the government to realize their own ethics and morals. King, in accordance, eloquently and passionately contends the injustice presented inRead MoreHumans Are Naturally Born Imperfect1680 Words   |  7 Pagesis a world traveler, and philo sopher. However, as a world traveler experiencing many different governments, societies, and ways of life, Hythloday is not pleased by much. Before returning to his home, England, to share the ideologies of this newly settled commonwealth, he lived on the island of Utopia for five years. Some of the many aspects that Hythloday finds perfect of the Utopian society are; the elimination of private property, universal labor, moderated pleasure, and family as a microcosm ofRead MoreThe And Its Impact On Modern Society1578 Words   |  7 Pagescreated fought against each other for authority. Nevertheless, they concluded in a mixed government system where ideologies from both systems were combined into one. Our group’s reverse allegory comic features the computers as the new leaders of the society. We chose the computers as an allegory for Communism due to the fact that technology, in many people’s opinion, is the new hope for human race to prevent or find a solution for our world’s most critical crises. Communism also provided hope in bothRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Inferno And Thomas More s Satirical Dialogue `` Utopia ``1366 Words   |  6 Pagesthe description of the Utopian’s ultimate society. One example of irony in this work is the title, Utopia. Utopia is defined as an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect. Specifically, it can be referred to as â€Å"no place† or â€Å"no where†. Thomas More believes he is describing an ideal society that everyone would love to exist in when in all reality he’s portraying a civilization that is far from the norm. For example, â€Å"For the Utopians themselves tend a grea t number of eggs,

Undaunted Courage Outline Free Essays

Chapter 1 Youth 1774 – 1792 Summary and Analysis Meriwether Lewis’s ancestry, birth, and early life are considered. Lewis is born August 1774 in Virginia to William Lewis and Lucy Lewis nye Meriwether, cousins. Lewis is born on the eve of the American Revolutionary War and his ancestry includes numerous military accomplishments in both lines. We will write a custom essay sample on Undaunted Courage Outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lewis has an older sister, Jane, and a younger brother, Reuben. William Lewis dies of pneumonia in 1779; thereafter Nicholas Lewis, William’s older brother, becomes family guardian pending Lewis’ attainment of legal age. Lucy Lewis remarries in 1980 to John Marks, and has two additional children—John Hastings and Mary Garland. One significant family friend is Thomas Jefferson, future president of the United States of America and a nearby plantation owner. As a young boy, Meriwether spends a considerable amount of time out of doors, including accompanying a frontier pioneer group to a new settlement. He is considered to be curious, inquisitive, coolheaded, and courageous†¦ Chapter 2 Planter 1792 – 1794 Summary and Analysis Also read: Why Nations Fail Chapter 5 Summary During his youth, Lewis develops excellent skills in riding, hiking, and outdoor skills as well as a penchant for what he refers to as ‘rambling’; that is, adventure and wilderness travel. He develops a scrupulous honesty and is widely considered trustworthy. He assumes plantation management with minor misgiving over having given up his formal education. Nevertheless, he is a capable administrator, constantly increasing the size of his land holdings. Like most other plantation owners, he is land rich and cash poor. Slaves work his plantation and, like most men of the era, Lewis is not troubled by the moral quandary slavery presents. He esteems Native Americans as the archetypical noble savage and believes that one day they will accept European civilization and become productive and co-equal citizens; he simultaneously considers African Americans somewhat sub-human and incapable of the degree of energy and self-direction necessary for independent success in a free-enterprise†¦ Chapter 3 Soldier 1794 – 1800 Summary and Analysis During the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794, many young men, once children of the American Revolution, enlist in the military as a show of patriotic fervor. Among the new inductees is Meriwether Lewis who enlists as a private. Although only a private his considerable wealth, substantial education, and notable breeding ensure that, he spends most evenings in the company of officers. He finds life in the service enjoyable and fulfilling. Within a few months, he is commissioned an ensign in the Virginia Militia. After the rebellion is quelled the army ranks are rapidly thinned through cutbacks, but Lewis retains his position even with little experience—a fact which speaks well for his capability as a junior officer. He is eventually assigned to be army paymaster and spends many months traveling extensively through the western frontier areas of the growing nation. He meets most army officers personally and gets to know their opinions†¦ Chapter 4 Thomas Jefferson’s America 1801 Summary and Analysis When Thomas Jefferson becomes President of the United States of America, the nation numbers slightly less than five and one-half million people. That includes approximately one million slaves. Geographically, the nation is a vast open country, nearly limitless in potential, and nearly completely unknown. Overland travel is slow and difficult, seldom averaging more than a score of miles in a day—even over a rarely encountered roadway. Rivers form the dominant highways and are the only way to transport substantial bulk materials. The relative positions of the Eastern seaboard states are known, as is the position of the distant Oregon country. Roughly, three thousand miles of terra incognita lay in between. Jefferson incorrectly speculates that a water route along major rivers probably exists which could link the two population centers. Meanwhile, many European nations, including Spain, France, England, and Russia, are vying for control of the interior of North America. Such†¦ Chapter 5 The President’s Secretary 1801 – 1802 Summary and Analysis Meriwether Lewis is serving as army paymaster, when Thomas Jefferson offers him the highly sought after job as personal secretary to the president. Lewis immediately accepts the job. Though he leaves active service, he retains his commission and right to promotion. Jefferson selects Lewis largely because he is a staunch Republican and, importantly, because he knows nearly all of the officers in the army on a personal basis. One of the first tasks Lewis completes is an encyclopedic rating of all commissioned officers, placing them into one of several categories, which largely established their capability as officers and their political beliefs. Many officers are dismissed from the service, chiefly those who are incompetent but also many who are politically hostile to the new administration. Lewis performs many duties as secretary, including constant visits with congress and interaction with significant political persons. In fact, Lewis delivers Jefferson’s first ‘state of the†¦ Chapter 6 The Origins of the Expedition 1750 – 1802 Summary and Analysis From the earliest days of colonization, the national interest had been captivated by the vast interior space. Many voyages of interior exploration were planned but virtually none had come to fruition. Jefferson had personally championed several attempts. On the most promising attempt, the noted adventurer Andry Michaux was selected. Jefferson raised funds through private subscription and Michaux commenced his voyage of exploration. Before getting far, however, Jefferson discovered Michaux was actually an agent of the French government, causing the entire exertion to be canceled. Because of these many unsuccessful experiences, Jefferson comes to believe that a voyage of national exploration would require the financial backing of the Federal Government. In 1787, a British explorer reports crossing northern Alberta and reaching the Pacific coast near Columbia. Coupled with the recent retrocession of the Louisiana territory from Spain to France the news galvanizes Jefferson; he determines immediately to act to preserve the†¦ Chapter 7 Preparing for the Expedition January – June 1803 Summary and Analysis Jefferson personally attends to Lewis’ requisite education. As well, Jefferson contacts experts in significant fields and enlists their open-ended assistance as educators, peers, and advisors for Lewis. Lewis thus has unrestricted access to the brightest minds in the nation while preparing for his voyage of discovery. Meanwhile, the various details of planning and organization are covered throughout the chapter. Jefferson develops an extensive document containing instruction, advice, and orders. Lewis makes up lists of supplies and costs, and estimates how many men might be required to successfully complete the voyage. Lewis also spends a great deal of time learning how to perform geographic observations to fix latitude and longitude. Toward the end of the period discussed in the chapter Lewis begins to accumulate the vast stores of impedimenta required for such a long journey; he in particular spends time at Harpers Ferry securing firearms and overseeing the construction of an†¦ Chapter 8 Washington to Pittsburgh June – August 1803 Summary and Analysis Lewis returns to Washington and spends several critical weeks with Jefferson. Copies of the voyage orders document are circulated among Jefferson’s intimate circle and various revisions are proposed and accepted. Lewis meanwhile continues to gather maps and fragmentary knowledge of the deep interior of the continent. Jefferson writes and signs a carte blanche order allowing Lewis to draw any funds or equipment from any branch or station of the United States Government; it also requests private enterprises to assist Lewis so far as practicable and orders military installations to cooperate with Lewis in any circumstance. The author notes the document is the most unlimited letter of credit ever issued by an American president. During this time, a second officer was considered indispensable to the voyage’s success; Lewis immediately extends the offer, by post, to his old friend William Clark. Clark of course accepts the invitation, forming the most-famous partnership in†¦ Chapter 9 Down the Ohio September – November 1803 Summary and Analysis Lewis begins the trip by boarding the newly constructed keelboat and proceeding down the Ohio River. The extreme lateness of the season (Lewis had hoped to be leaving months previously) insured that the Ohio’s waters were very low. Thus, the initial stages of the trip were very slow and the keelboat made only ten or so miles each day. Lewis begins recording in his journal on August 31, the day he left. The text then considers the nature of the journals; Lewis never recorded whether the journals were written during or after the expedition. Further, there are frequent large gaps in the journals where nothing is recorded—for example, May 14, 1804 to April 7, 1805. Modern histories do not know if these journals are lost or if Lewis simply did not record his observations for these prolonged periods. At any event, Lewis continues on his voyage. The snail’s pace gradually†¦ Chapter 10 Up the Mississippi to Winter Camp November 1803 – March 1804 Summary and Analysis The mighty Mississippi River quickly convinces Lewis and Clark that they will need still more men to be successful. Over the next several weeks, the men worked the keelboat and pirogues against the current, difficult hard work claiming only a few miles of progress each day. The party continued on, stopping at trading posts and forts to obtain supplies and review potential recruits. The party eventually reaches St. Louis and a brief period of political intrigue follows wherein the local Spanish political commander refuses to allow entry to the Americans until the official land transfer of the upper Louisiana territories occurs. While in St. Louis Lewis sends and receives mail, notably from Jefferson. Additional men and supplies previously sent overland, rendezvous with the river party. With the season and political situation over, the party subsequently winters at Camp Wood near St. Louis. Finally, in mid-March, the political handover is accomplished†¦. Chapter 11 Ready to Depart April – May 21, 1804 Summary and Analysis In the spring, Lewis and Clark purchase more provisions and ready to leave. Clark’s commission finally arrives; startlingly it is for a lieutenant’s commission and not a captain’s commission as Lewis had promised. Nevertheless, Clark accepts the commission, though obviously disappointed. Lewis suggests and Clark agrees that they two alone will know the true situation—to everyone else on the entire voyage, and for years afterward, Clark is known as Captain William Clark and viewed as Lewis’ co-commander on the voyage. Lewis appoints an authorized agent in St. Louis, sends of final communiquys, and readies his personal gear for departure. Many of the men attend a final mass service. In the afternoon, the party departs amidst rain, thunder, lightning, and the cheering of assembled crowds. For the next two or more years the party knows there will be no letters, no communication and no supplies from their homes. They are isolated†¦ Chapter 12 Up the Missouri May – July 1804 Summary and Analysis By dint of nearly superhuman endurance and raw physical strength, the party forces the heavy keelboat against the current of the mighty Missouri River, making up to twenty miles progress some days. The party reaches the Osage River, the Kansas River, and then the Platte River, passing tiny outposts of advance settlers and trappers. One settlement of note is Boone’s Settlement in Kentucky—founded by Daniel Boone. History does not record whether Lewis and Clark meet Boone. Strangely, throughout much of this period Lewis keeps no daily journal. Instead, he apparently spends his time walking ashore and collection plants, animals, and soils specimens while Clark, the better river-man, manages the progress of the keelboat. Lewis does issue a comprehensive Detachment Order, which allows modern historians to partially reconstruct the daily routine of the adventuring party. One of Lewis’ primary directives was the posting of an active watch to secure the voyage†¦ Chapter 13 Entering Indian Country August 1804 Summary and Analysis Lewis begins to realize the unprecedented possibilities offered to an astute botanist; he collects many specimens previously unknown to science and writes lengthy monographs using precise and technical terminology. The same paradigm presents with animal life—for example, on August 12, 1804, Lewis and Clark become the first Americans to see a coyote, which they called a ‘prairie wolf’. Near the end of August, the party shoots and eats the first bison taken by American hunters. The Garden of Eden qualities of the land are not lost on Lewis. Also during August, the party makes their first contact with Indians, meeting Otos and Missouris. Jefferson’s orders instruct Lewis to attempt to peacefully integrate the Indians into the growing American commercial system; Jefferson wants to replace British fur traders with Americans and hopes most or all of the various Indian nations can be integrated with the United States of America. Lewis will†¦ Chapter 14 Encounter with the Sioux September 1804 Summary and Analysis The Sioux tribes are widely regarded as well organized, militant, and aggressive. Jefferson’s instructions to Lewis specifically indicate that the Sioux should be courted especially vigorously as their cooperation would be extremely useful to future American expansion in the area. In early September, the party continues upriver and fortuitously encounters the lost private—he had assumed the boats were upriver from him and thus has been proceeding ahead of the party for a few weeks. Lewis finds the area of present-day South Dakota almost unbelievably opulent in animal life and he discovers several species—once, two in a single day—that are entirely new to science. Lewis and Clark commend with wonder at the hundreds and even thousands of bison that make up vast herds and on the plentiful bounty of the land. Ambrose once again notes that Lewis’ journals are silent for a prolonged period beginning roughly when the party meets the†¦ Chapter 15 To the Mandans Fall 1804 Summary and Analysis Throughout September, the voyage continues upriver through panoplies of natural wonder. Huge herds of migrating mammals are seen daily and enormous flights of migrating birds pass overhead. The weather temporizes and frosts kill off the clouds of mosquitoes, as the trip becomes one of entire enjoyment. The party encounters their first grizzly bear; they refer to it as a white bear. They also pass through the deserted outer lands of the once-mighty Arikara tribe; empty villages and lands a mute testimony to the mass deaths recently caused by smallpox and other diseases. Eventually they arrive at the Arikara heartland and discover a tribe about three thousands strong. The meeting proceeds well and the Indians are friendly. One chief accompanies Lewis and Clark upriver to the next great tribal area of the Mandans, ostensibly to negotiate peace between the tribes. Many outlying Mandan villages are also deserted due to smallpox, but†¦ Chapter 16 Winter at Fort Mandan December 21, 1804 – March 21, 1805 Summary and Analysis The winter proves exceptionally cold and difficult. Lewis and Clark and their men must rely upon the Mandan Indians for supplies and food. The expedition builds a sturdy fort complete with a palisade wall and substantive interior shelters. On one occasion, a lazy soldier scales the wall rather than issuing a password and waiting for the gate; he is observed by an Indian who subsequently scales the wall in imitation. Lewis and Clark are concerned now that the Indians realize the wall is more show than defense—in the event, however, nothing untoward occurs. The winter months are spent hunting, preparing for the coming season, and mingling with the local Indians. York, Lewis’s African American slave, proves interesting to the Indians who think at first that he must be colored with paint. Frequent minor political intrigues occur and are documented, as are some of the Indians’ sensationalistic practices. For example, the†¦ Chapter 17 Report from Fort Mandan March 22 – April 6, 1805 Summary and Analysis In the spring, the keelboat is packed and readied for its return trip to St. Louis—too large to navigate the upper Missouri, it is replaced by small canoes. The keelboat is loaded with specimens, journals, observations, maps, compiled Indian vocabularies, and many long letters. These form the final link between the party and the United States of America until the party’s return after many months of exploration. Lewis also sends an accounting of the expenses of the expedition to this point, including a list of all the various letters of credit he has issued on the journey. The expedition hopes to reach the Pacific Ocean and then return as far as the Mandan villages for the winter of 1805-6, and then return and report to Jefferson as early as September 1806. These predictions illustrate that even at this late date Lewis is underestimating the difficulty of crossing the Rocky Mountains†¦ Chapter 18 From Fort Mandan to Marias River April 7 – June 2, 1805 Summary and Analysis The expedition departs in early spring. Lewis refuses several last-minute offers of sexual adventure for the officers and men, even declining to take along several squaws for routine camp company. For many days, Clark guides the river teams of pirogues and canoes while Lewis with a few picked men hikes along the shore, hunting, recording observations, and collecting specimens. Because of the large number of the party—around thirty-five souls—a prodigious amount of meat is needed every day. Lewis constantly notes in his journals that game of all kinds is wonderfully abundant and, unalarmed by humans, easy to secure. For most of the upriver trek Lewis and Clark find the voyage exactly as the Hidatsas had described. Major rivers are found where their rudimentary maps indicate they should be, and the terrain and river conditions are as anticipated. Nevertheless, the journey is covering ground never before explored by modern Americans. Going†¦ Chapter 19 From Marias River to the Great Falls June 3 – June 20, 1805 Summary and Analysis For several days, Lewis and Clark try to determine which river—the Missouri or the Marias—is the true Missouri river. Because of the turbidity and temperature, all of the men conclude erroneously that the Marias is the true Missouri. Lewis and Clark, however, in complete isolation determine that the true course of the Missouri lies to the southern fork. Only much later would historians realize that the Hidatsa, traveling overland, would have entirely missed this fork of the river as it occurs in a great northern bend of the Missouri River. Lewis and Clark spend several days scouting a goodly distance up each river and making numerous observations. They finally conclude that the party must take the south fork. While Clark leads the water party, Lewis and a few picked men rapidly proceed ahead on land to discover if they have selected the wrong branch of the river. They make good†¦ Chapter 20 The Great Portage June 16 – July 14, 1805 Summary and Analysis The boat group soon arrives at the base of the falls. Sacagawea falls ill and is nursed by Lewis while the men cut timber and manufacture wheels and crude wagons with which they will haul the canoes and pirogues. The portage proceeds under fair weather but the work is grueling and accomplished only after many days of toil. At the head of the falls, Lewis assembled the iron frame of his experimental boat and has it covered with elk hide. This project is fascinating to Lewis but, apparently, Clark concludes at the outset that it is unpractical. In the end, Clark’s opinion proves correct—the hide covering of the craft cannot be effectively sealed and the constant and rapid leaking through the seams of the skins makes the boat perpetually swamp. After only a few hours of experimenting ith the completed boat, Lewis must conclude that his experimental craft—hand built at†¦ Chapter 21 Looking for the Shoshones July 15 – August 12, 1805 Summary and Analysis With overloaded canoes, the voyage proceeds up the Missouri River through difficult terrain. The Rocky Mountains enclose the river so closely that Lewis names the initial entrance ‘Gates of the Rocky Mountain s’. The voyagers proceed upriver searching for Shoshone Indians from whom they hope to procure horses. They pass what will eventually become the famous Last Chance Gulch, a location rich in gold. Lewis and Clark are not interested in mineral wealth, however—it is not easily portable and at such a distance from civilization would prove essentially worthless. First Clark and then Lewis take turns scouting ahead or ranging afar in an attempt to find the Shoshone. Clark’s feet become damaged and infected by Prickly Pears, but he still presses on. By the end of July, the men are becoming despondent because of the difficult river work. They are heartened when Sacagawea begins to recognize landmarks and informs them that†¦ Chapter 22 Over the Continental Divide August 13 – August 31, 1805 Summary and Analysis The next day the small group encounters an old Shoshone woman with a baby and engages her in very limited discussion, giving her some gifts. She leads Lewis and his few companions to the Shoshone village. A tense meeting follows where Lewis tries to make himself understood but is apparently mistaken for a trickster from a hostile Indian tribe, even though a white man. A period of tense negotiation follows but Lewis manages to befriend Cameahwait, the principle chief. He convinces the Indians to accompany him downstream to meet Clark. The Indians suspect a trap and thus warily accompany him. Lewis is dumbfounded to reach the location only to discover that Clark is not yet present. He uses several stratagems to calm the worried Indians until the following day when Clark does arrive. Finally, with Sacagawea’s language skills, the Indians’ fears are largely reduced and a series of agreements are†¦ Chapter 23 Over the Bitterroots September 1 – October 6, 1805 Summary and Analysis Led by Old Toby the party proceeds through the Rocky Mountains, covering incredibly difficult terrain. They meet a group of Salish Indians, purchase a few more horses and continue on. During the next week the weather breaks and snow begins to fall. The journey becomes very difficult and game is scarce, forcing the killing of three horses to feed the company. Fatigued, hungry, and depressed, the party makes little progress—perhaps ten miles per day—and reaches a critical breaking point. Faced with starvation Clark takes a few picked hunters and proceeds ahead at a rapid pace with the intent of hunting what game is available and leaving it along the trail for the larger party, led by Lewis. Lewis’ group suffers several accidents with horses and frequently loses horses during the night but continues doggedly though dysentery and venereal disease weaken the men. Finally, after 160 miles of difficult terrain and†¦ Chapter 24 Down the Columbia October 8 – December 7, 1805 Summary and Analysis The men recover their strength and make rapid progress down the river. Even with the cumbersome dugout canoes the party sticks to the water and runs through numerous long and dangerous rapids. Old Toby becomes so afraid of the rapids that he sneaks off one evening and is not seen again. In early October, the expedition reaches the Snake River. They meet the Nez Percy Indians and establish friendly relations. Although the expedition does not stay in one place very long, Lewis manages to compile some language vocabularies and makes some ethnographic observations, including noting that the Indians possess items obviously acquired by trading with European sailors and are, unfortunately, fond of stealing anything they can. By mid-October, they reach the junction of the Snake and Columbia Rivers. Toward the end of October, the expedition encounters a prolonged series of savage rapids. Rather than a lengthy portage, Lewis and Clark†¦ Chapter 25 Fort Clatsop December 8, 1805 – March 23, 1806 Summary and Analysis Amidst violent rain and windstorms, the expedition establishes Fort Clatsop, a small structure with two facing buildings joined by palisade walls to form a small interior parade ground. Lewis issues garrison orders and the long winter months of boredom begin. The men amuse themselves with sexual escapades among the receptive Indians, trading trinkets for partners and contracting venereal disease. Hunting parties wander ever farther afield and food remains very scarce. Lewis establishes a salt-making camp on the coast a few miles from the main fort—the men there boil seawater to collect salt. Throughout the winter, many groups of Chinook and Clatsop Indians visit—some are extremely friendly, others cause minor tensions. Most of the men of the expedition suffer from injury and illness at some point during the winter. Clark repetitively records in his journal that the area brings extreme boredom, monotony, and hunger. On one occasion a small group sets†¦ Chapter 26 Jefferson and the West 1804 – 1806 Summary and Analysis This chapter contains a brief analysis of Thomas Jefferson’s vision of the west. In brief, he subscribed to a vision of the United States stretching from coast to coast and considered that the Louisiana territory and the Pacific northwest were both rightfully components of his nation. A strident anti-British politician, he greatly desired to force the British fur traders out of American territory. Jefferson’s views on the proper treatment of Indians are starkly at odds with his historic presentation as a great libertarian and proponent of human rights—the Indians must either join with the United States of America or remove themselves; there would be no recognition of sovereign rights. Jefferson stated that commerce with the Indians was preferable to military solutions because commerce was more profitable. The chapter also includes a discussion of the reception in St. Louis and Washington of dozens of Indians who accepted Lewis’ invitation to visit†¦ Chapter 27 Return to the Nez Percy March 23 – June 9, 1806 Summary and Analysis The expedition sets out with a dread of the pending Rocky Mountain traverse. Food is scare and the men have taken to purchasing and eating Indian dogs. Lewis spends several days making jerky from what game is available. At the campsites through April many starving Indians visit, begging food and stealing trinkets. Tempers in camp flare as the thievery becomes more brazen and minor scuffles are common. On several occasions violent is averted only at the last moment. Rather than fight upriver against rapids and current Lewis determines to return along the Columbia route overland. The expedition has little left which is not necessary and when horses must be purchased, they must sacrifice part of their cooking kit to obtain them. At the end of April, the expedition meets and stays with Wallawalla and Yakima Indians; they are fed and receive more horses and are given information about trail conditions†¦ Chapter 28 The Lolo Trail June 10 – July 2, 1806 Summary and Analysis The party proceeds into the mountains and encounters snow so deep there is no forage for the horses and the trail cannot be located. After a brief discussion, they turn back. Several days later, they acquire Indian guides who lead them quickly and surely through the mountains. On the far side of the Bitterroot Mountains their confidence swells out of proportion to common sense and the party determines to split up and conduct separate investigations of alternative routes. In all, the Corps of Discovery will divide into five small groups and execute a reckless and complicated series of investigatory travels. Various points of rendezvous are established and the plan is delivered to the men. Chapter 29 The Marias Exploration July 3 – July 28, 1806 Summary and Analysis The text covers only Lewis’ expedition to locate the northern headwaters of the Marias River; the book does not cover in detail the exploration conducted by any of the other groups, though their experiences are mentioned in passing. This chapter thus deals only with Meriwether Lewis and the few men that accompany him. In early July they set off to discover whether the headwaters of the Marias River—and thus of the Missouri River drainage basin—extend beyond 49 degrees north latitude. If they do, then the United States of America can lay legal claim to more territory due to the terms of the Louisiana Purchase. The small group proceeds down the Big Blackfoot River as far as White Bear Island without major incident. They are happy to once again be on the plains where game is plentiful but they also once again find the mosquitoes nearly unbearable. They recover their cache†¦ Chapter 30 The Last Leg July 29 – September 22, 1806 Summary and Analysis Lewis’ group proceeds by water to the junction of the Yellowstone River, the site of planned rendezvous with Clark. Clark has left a note and moved ahead. Lewis pursues through a land of abundant game and abundant mosquitoes, making excellent progress without incident until mid-August. At that time, Lewis and a nearsighted one-eyed private are hunting elk when Lewis is shot in the buttocks. He calls out for the private who does not respond—Lewis hobbles back to the canoes and rouses the alarm of an Indian attack. The men go on the offensive but shortly return with the missing private and state no Indians are in the area. Later Lewis recovers another letter from Clark informing him that one of the smaller expeditions, having completely failed in its mission, has rejoined with Clark. Lewis thus spends a terrible night; too sore to be moved from the pirogue he passes the†¦ Chapter 31 Reporting to the President September 23 – December 31, 1806 Summary and Analysis In St. Louis, Lewis immediately writes a brief letter to Jefferson and also writes personal commendations for each of his men, noting with satisfaction that all members of the party have returned in good health. Lewis also once again appealed directly to Jefferson on Clark’s behalf, noting the successful prosecution of the adventure was due equally to both men. The group then spends a month in St. Louis settling financial affairs and playing the role of heroes, enjoying fame and being entertained. In early November the party proceeds to Louisville and then to Frankfort where it splits into various smaller groups that proceed to their various destinations. Clark goes to Fincastle, Virginia, to visit with friends, while Lewis continues on to Charlottesville with Big White, the Indian chief. Late in December, after a lengthy trip of many public appearances, Lewis arrives in Washington. No account of the initial meetings between†¦ Chapter 32 Washington January – March 1807 Summary and Analysis In Washington Lewis once again lives with Jefferson and spends weeks and months preparing reports and revising his journal. The men of the expedition are all rewarded with substantial but not extravagant land warrants and pay—for example, Lewis’ total amounts to some $7,262. Lewis and Clark both receive promotions, Lewis civilly as the Governor of the Louisiana Territory and Clark within the military. The book notes that Lewis is singularly unprepared to act as Territorial Governor and the appointment is one of Thomas Jefferson’s great mistakes. Clark soon departs for St. Louis but Lewis remains in Washington, ostensibly to see to the private publication of the journals of the expedition. Lewis, faced with competing publication of other expedition members’ journals, becomes uncharacteristically sarcastic about the relative merit of his subordinates’ journals. Meanwhile, Clark becomes engaged, and Jefferson begins to distribute seeds collected by Lewis to his eminent botanist friends. Much†¦ Chapter 33 Philadelphia April – July 1807 Summary and Analysis In the spring of 1807, Lewis leaves Washington for Philadelphia where he arranges for the publication of the journals, promised in three volumes costing $31 for the set. Lewis contacts several acquaintances for assistance in preparing the various volumes of the journals. Lewis’ biological and botanical samples are catalogued and then delivered, with Jefferson’s approval, to Charles Willson Peale’s Museum in Independence Hall. Lewis, recently admitted as a member, also lectures at the American Philosophical Society. He also commissions artists to render relevant plates for inclusion in the journals, and Peale renders Lewis’ portrait, as does C. B. J. Fyvret de Saint-Mymin. Lewis hires mathematicians to convert his copious observations into corrected latitude and longitude measurements. Finally, Lewis and Clark purchase one other journal written by a sergeant on the voyage, presumably to forestall its publication and subsequent competition. Strangely, amidst all this preparation for publication, Lewis overlooks the single†¦ Chapter 34 Virginia August 1806 – March 1807 Summary and Analysis In late July, Lewis travels from Philadelphia to Washington and settles his receipts with the war department. He then tours through several cities and acquaints himself with several young women who fail to meet his expectations, and a few more who for unknown reasons do not find him suitable. For eight months, Lewis’ whereabouts are unknown and through that time he accomplishes little more than nothing. Although he receives letters and correspondence from Jefferson and his family, he does not reply. Ambrose speculates that depression, alcohol, and malaria may explain his lack of production. At any rate, he appears in St. Louis in late winter of 1808 and produces a complex report on the situation of the Louisiana Territory. The consideration of the relative merits of the report consumes most of the brief chapter. Lewis suggests excluding the British from Louisiana Territory, greatly increasing the military presence in the area,†¦ Chapter 35 St. Louis March – December 1808 Summary and Analysis In 1808 St. Louis is a vibrant and multi-cultural city and the dominant western city in the United States of America. Ambrose describes the city’s unique flavor and brief history in some detail. Tensions between the old Spanish and French established business families and the new American businessmen are tense. Lewis’ predecessor, General Wilkinson, had administered the territory with one eye on his own pocketbook and thus the political and economic situations are complicated and uncertain. Administering such a complex and vast territory would be a challenge for an accomplished and professional politician—it was simply beyond the ability of the young Lewis. Lewis arrives in St. Louis devoid of the melancholic depression that has apparently afflicted him for the past several months. He rents a house and engages in the social life of the city, drinking hard and spending many hours in dissipation. He does attempt to manage the rabble†¦ Chapter 36 St. Louis January – August 1809 Summary and Analysis Lewis continues to work as the governor of the territory, making some good decisions and many bad ones. He begins to take regular doses of opium and morphine, ostensibly to treat his malaria—soon, however, he is strongly addicted and frequently addled. Moreover, he continues to routinely become drunk in the company of less-notable political hangers-on; by today’s standards, he would be considered an alcoholic. His personal finances are in complete disarray and his public expenditures are alarming. He arranges a merging of personal and public interests, which draws wide criticism—he helps to establish a fur trapping and trading company, grants the company a monopoly on trade, and funds the company’s initial expedition with public funds. All this, he justifies by charging the company with the task of returning Big White to the Mandan villages. Although not hugely aberrant in concept for the day and place, the scale of the questionable†¦ Chapter 37 Last Voyage September 3 – October 11, 1809 Summary and Analysis In early September, Lewis sets out for Washington. He brings along the journals of the Lewis and Clark expedition, a few personal belongings, and a huge dossier of receipts, notes, and requests for public expenditure. He hopes to arrange his documentation and present his case to the government so they will honor his many public debts. He travels initially by river but finds the heat and humidity intolerable. In addition he drinks heavily, takes frequent snuff, many pills, and opium. His behavior is wild and outlandish and he then attempts suicide on two occasions. He is put ashore in charge of an army captain who places him under suicide watch. Lewis writes some garbled letters explaining his delay to distant officials. After about a week Lewis’ derangement lifts and he determines to proceed overland to Washington. For several days, Lewis and several attendants travel overland. Lewis’ mood is dark and†¦ Chapter 38 Aftermath Summary and Analysis Many years after Lewis’ death, some researchers have proposed that he might have been murdered. Ambrose considers the evidence and dispenses entirely with the theory by noting that Clark and Jefferson both accepted Lewis’ suicide at face value. Lewis was malarial, depressed, and highly stressed. He was an alcoholic and a drug addict, an inveterate user of snuff, a habitual smoker, and frequently greatly over-medicated himself with curatives of the period, which often contained mercury. Any one of these factors alone could have motivated him to suicide; taken as a group they are a more than convincing rationale. Coupling all this with his widely reported erratic and despondent behavior, the argument against suicide appears insubstantial. Lewis’ estate is bequeathed to his mother and liquidated by his half-brother. The signal failure of his latter years remained packed into trunks—his unpublished journals. Clark obtains the expedition journals and travels to Monticello to†¦ Big Whitee Big White was a Mandan chief. He agreed to accompany the expedition on its return voyage and visit President Jefferson in Washington. He, his family, and a party of soldiers were attacked and repelled by a group of Arikaras on their return trip. gt;/p; Cameahwait Cameahwait was a Shonshoni chief who aided the Lewis and Clark expedition. Cameahwait’s people provided horses and Old Toby to guide the expedition through the Bitterroot Mountains. Cameahwait also turned out to be Sacagawea’s brother. Toussaint Charbonneau Charbonneau was a French Canadian. At the time he met the Lewis and Clark company, he was living among the Hidatsas as an independent trader. Sacagawea was one of his wives. Lewis and Clark eagerly signed him on as an interpreter, thus gaining the service of Sacagawea. Lewis was disappointed with Charbonneau, however, calling him â€Å"a man of no particular merit. Pierre Chouteau houteau, along with his half-brother Auguste, co-founded St†¦. Undaunted Courage | Summary Lewisaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Early Life The first five chapters of Undaunted Courage detail Lewisaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ life before undertaking the expedition. Lewis was born to a distinguished Virginia plantation family in 1774. As a boy, Lewis spent several years living in a Georgia frontier colony. After his return from Georgia at the age of thirteen, he was given several years of formal education so that he would be prepared to manage the estate he had inherited from his father. However, he only spent a few years on the Virginia plantation; instead, he volunteered for the Virginia militia in 1794. He spent the next six years in the military, and his service required him to travel throughout much of the American frontier. However, in 1801, President Jeffersonaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ a longtime acquaintance of the Lewis familyaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ asked Lewis to serve as his personal secretary and aide. Captain Lewis quickly gave up his military commission and moved to the presidentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s residence in Washington. Planning the Expedition Jefferson had long been interested in sending an expedition to explore the west. When Jefferson learned that the British were planning to engage in the fur trade in the Pacific Northwest, he was galvanized into action. In 1802, Jefferson chose Lewis to command an expedition to the Pacific. Lewis had three main goals: find an all-water route to the Pacific Ocean; tell the Indians they had a new leader and bring them into the American trading network; and explore the northern tributaries of the Mississippi and the Missouri rivers, which would determine the northern extent of the boundary of the Louisiana Purchase. Jefferson was also keenly interested in scientific inquiry. In preparation for the journey, Lewis studied geography, botany, mineralogy, astronomy, and ethnology with leading American scientists. He also made decisions on what and how many supplies to bring, what presents to give the Indians, and how many men to employ in the company. He oversaw the construction of a boat that would take the company up the Mississippi River. Lewis also decided he needed a co-commander, and he chose Clark, whom he had met in the military. Although Clarkaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s official rank was never promoted beyond that of lieutenant, which dismayed Lewis greatly, the two men shared command. While preparations were being made, the Louisiana Purchase was also completed, giving the United States ownership of much of the land over which the men would travel. Up the Missouri On August 31, 1803, Lewis set forth down the Ohio River. He met with Clark in Clarksville, Indian Territory, where they enlisted men in their Corps of Discovery. The party then sailed upriver to Wood River, where they set up winter camp. Clark oversaw the preparations for the trip while Lewis took charge of purchasing supplies in St. Louis. On May 22, 1804, the Corps of Discovery, made up of almost fifty men, was finally on its way. It consisted of a large keelboat and two smaller boats. The boats traveled more than 640 miles upriver before encountering a single Indian. On August 2, a party of Oto arrived at the expeditionaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s camp. Lewis told them about Jefferson, their new Great Father, and gave them gifts. On August 20, the expedition suffered its only fatality when Sgt. Charles Floyd died of a ruptured appendix. In September, the Corps met a large party of Sioux and visited the Sioux village. In October, the group approached the Mandan villages in present-day North Dakota. The friendly Mandans were at the center of Northern Plainsaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ trade. The men built Fort Mandan, where they spent the winter. They also met a French-Canadian trader, Charbonneau, and his wife, Sacagawea, who joined the Corps as translators. A small group of men sailed back down the Missouri to bring back information about the expedition thus far. Westward Bound On April 7, 1805, the expedition was ready to move west. Eight days later, the expedition passed the farthest point upstream on the Missouri known by Lewis to have been reached by white men. The men hunted buffalo and had their first grizzly bear sighting. In June, the party crossed the Missouri and discovered that two large rivers met. They had to decide which river was the Missouri. They chose the south fork and followed the river to the Great Falls. At this point, the men had to carry their canoes overland. They had reached the foot of the Rocky Mountains and wanted to meet the Shoshoni. After several days, the men came across a Shoshoni party. Their leader was Cameahwait, who was Sacagaweaaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brother. They traded for horses with the Shoshoni and hired an Indian guide, Old Toby, to take them across the mountains. Once across the mountains, the men traveled down the Columbia toward the Pacific. They discovered that rapids and falls broke up the Columbia for almost a fifty-mile stretch. The men shot the rapids while the important supplies were carried by hand. They continued onward to the Pacific. The party built Fort Clatsop as their winter camp. By this time, the party had very little goods left to trade. When the Clatsops would not sell them a canoe that they needed, Lewis told his men to steal it. In March 1806, the men turned eastward on their way home. Heading Home The men headed east up the Columbia, which was hard going. They decided to go overland instead and purchased horses from the Nez PercA ©. Lewis also hoped to persuade them to send some guides and diplomats with them back east. The Nez PercA ©, however, said it was too early to cross the mountains, but the Corps was determined to do so. They headed out but soon discovered it was impossible to keep to the trail, which was hidden under feet of snow. They realized the difficulty of their undertaking but luckily came across two young Indians crossing the mountains and quickly engaged them as guides. Thus they reached the other side of the Continental Divide safely. Lewis and Clark parted company briefly in July. Lewis wanted to explore the northern river that had met the Missouri, the Maria. He hoped that it would extend far northward, giving the United States more land. He took a small party of men. After several days out, they got into a fight with some Blackfeet Indians and shot two. However, Lewis and his men escaped unharmed. They met up with Clark at the Point of Reunion in present-day North Dakota, and the entire party continued on to Fort Mandan. Then they headed down the Missouri. They met trading boats, which gave them the first news of the country they had heard since their departure. They arrived in St. Louis on September 22, 1806. Lewis immediately sat down to write a report to Jefferson telling him of their discoveries. After the Expedition Lewis went to Washington in January and after that on to Philadelphia. He made plans to publish his journals. Jefferson also appointed him the governor of the Louisiana Territory. Lewis, however, did little work, either on the journals or as the governor. He did not arrive in St. Louis until March 1808, at which point he was already experiencing bouts of depression and drinking heavily. In St. Louis, he attempted to set up a fur trade business with his friends and invested money in land speculation. He also spent money outfitting an expedition to return a Mandan chief to his homeland; however, the government decided not to reimburse him for these expenses. Lewis undertook a journey to Washington but died, apparently a suicide, on October 11, 1809. How to cite Undaunted Courage Outline, Essay examples

Get Sample on Manage Quality Customer Service Assessments

Question: Describe about the Manage Quality Customer Service Assessments. Answer: Assessment 1 Part B Explain how the two measures recommended by Olym show concern for customer needs. The two measures recommended by Olym will help in facilitating communication with customer and ensure delivery of product on time. Through the installation of better phone system, queries of the customers can be easily solved by the concerned person and thus, ratio of missed inquiries will significantly decline. With the evaluation of delivery schedule, Olym Gas Supplies will be able to deliver cylinders on time. The implementation of these measures will enhance the working process of Olym and hence, solves the major issues concerned with customer needs. Describe any further recommendations you would make to Olym management to ensure the plans achieve the quality, time and cost specifications of the customer. Apart from installing enhanced phone system and reviewing delivering schedule, Olym should implement safety measures for its employees and customer as well because it will build trust and hence will also leads to increase in the number of customers and retention of employees (White, 2016). It shows companys concern towards customers' health and safety by means of improving quality of service provided to the customers. Assessment 2 Part B Case Study As Tims manager, explain the steps you would take following this occurrence. Ensure you answer the following questions in your response: a) How could you monitor and manage Tims performance with respect to quality and delivery standards? In order to determine the performance of Tim, effective quality measuring standards can be established. The time taken by Tim to deliver effective and accurate services to the customers will be measured based on the standard time so as to examine his delivery performance. And quality performance of Tim will be evaluated on the basis of customer feedback. This will determine Tim's performance depending upon the cost invested in training. If the delivered service is not effective to customers, valuable strategy will be ascertained so as to review the Tim's performance on regular basis (Hedin et al., 2006). b) How would you assist Tim where necessary? There are several measures to assist Tim through guiding him and specifying him about the understanding of the customers. Tim should engage with his audience while providing training and deliver the knowledge based on the customers' skills and proficiency. The training delivery time should not exceed the actual time standard. All customers should be able to perform better after getting the training from Tim. What steps would you take to determine how your organization could deliver the service to the customer? Step 1. Monitor and evaluate the vision of delivering customer service Step 2. Determine the type of customers whom an organization wishes to serve Step 3. Develop an expressive connection among the consumers Step 4. Based on needs, deliver services to the consumers and get feedback of the customers in the real time in order to get a deep insight of the offered service Step 5. Develop a service team within a company according to the standard framework Step 6. Take action upon the feedback of employees who are serving to the customers regularly Step 7. Measure the company's profit from the services delivered to the customer (Schiff, 2015) Assessment 3 Part B Case Study Identify the possible underlying service problems that exist at Jolly Airlines. Consider the extent to which the systems and procedures are affected. The crew members of Jolly Airlines are not formally trained by the company which results into misbehavior of service personnel towards the customers. This creates a negative impact on the services delivered by Jolly Airlines. The serving staff does not formally treat the passengers and behave unofficially and even their management is not effective. Due to this service problem, Jolly Airlines has observed a fall in their bookings and thus revenue of the company also declines. The management staff does not deliver effective services to its customers which greatly hampers the system of Jolly Airlines. Decide upon an approach you would take to correct this problem and improve the customer service given by Jolly Airlines in-flight service personnel and to meet Opallys needs. The in-flight service personnel should be provided with the proper training which directs them how to behave professionally with the customers. And new well trained staff should be hired by Jolly Airlines so as to meet the requirements of Opally Mining Pvt. Ltd. However, strict action should also be taken against personnel service provider, if found responsible for misbehavior (Victoria State Government, 2015). Explain who you would consult with to achieve this outcome. In order to achieve best customer service, Jolly Airlines should consult top management and training supervisor. This would result into attainment of its same position in the market. Final Assessment Part B An angry client calls your customer service team regarding a recent late delivery of one of his orders. The problem is escalated to your attention. a) Describe the methods you could use when addressing abusive customer behavior between a client and one of your staff members. Describe the techniques you could use to improve customer relations. The manager should be calm and adjust his mindset according to the situation. He must actively listen to the customer's problem and apologize for the same in order to improve customer service relation. The manager should present a solution for the concerned issue and thus take an immediate action to resolve the problem. He must also follow up with the customer and ask for a feed back. This will improve customer relations in the company (Davcorp, 2016). b) Develop a plan that future staff members could refer to, to maintain a consistent approach to this behavior. Step 1. Imagine that the customer has the right to get angry Step 2. Listen the customer's query carefully with patience Step 3. Respond to the customers gently Step 4. Resolve the customer issues through consulting the concerned person Step 5. Follow up with the customer after resolving the issue Step 6. Take a feedback after serving customers (CC Health, 2009) c) What techniques might you use when dealing with a customer with special needs? While dealing with the customers with special needs, staff should identify and understand the customer's requirements and must listen them carefully. Provide extra time to focus on offering solution to the customers on time and meet their expectations to satisfy them. A customer appears at your organization one morning demanding better service from your staff. What actions would you take at this point to establish the real needs of the customer? Consider different strategies for identifying and resolving the problem, including ways of gaining feedback from the customer. Refer to any legislation that you should consider. The manager should identify the issue and understand an individual interest for the concerned products and services. The possible solutions for the problem must be listed specifically. Measure the solution with customer experience. With reference to the International Customer Service Institute model for customer service (TICSI, 2008), describe the ways your organization monitors its customers for ongoing customer service quality. Suggest methods your organization might use to improve its current systems and monitor and manage them in the future. Through proper communication channel and trained staff, customer service is monitored. The organization also follows up the customers after serving the products and services and thereby takes their feedback in order to evaluate the customer service quality. The organization should install advance technology in the organization system so as to review and track the service scheduling process. It helps to resolve the concerned issue quickly. Explain how effective records management contributes to the ongoing improvement of customer service. Consider and refer to the processes currently used in your organization. The records maintained in the organization plays a major role in enhancing the customer service as it enables the service provider to report the issue or problem quickly within the expected time by customers. It also leads to the minimization of time wastage and cost as the records maintained by the staff provides the information to the organization about the customer and thereby supports them with advance technology (Canon, 2016). What role do public relations and promotions play in a customer service strategy? Public relations and promotions plays a major role in developing strategy for customer service as it builds positive image of the company among the consumers. It provides information about the services and thereby increases company's revenue through increasing brand awareness (Suttle, 2016). References Canon, 2016. Effective Records Management for Todays Business Environments. White Paper. Canon. CC Health, 2009. Dealing with Abusive Behavior and Difficult Situations. Contra Costa Health Secvices. Davcorp, 2016. Dealing with Difficult Customer Behaviour. Davidson Trahaire Corpsych. Hedin, J., Jonsson, M. Ljunggren, J., 2006. Delivery Performance. [Online] Available at: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:207312/FULLTEXT01.pdf [Accessed 9 September 2016]. Schiff, J.L., 2015. 9 Ways to Improve Employee and Customer Communication. [Online] Available at: https://www.cio.com/article/2881612/collaboration/9-ways-to-improve-employee-and-customer-communication.html [Accessed 9 December 2016]. Suttle, R., 2016. What Are the Roles That Promotion Plays in Marketing? [Online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/roles-promotion-plays-marketing-25878.html [Accessed 10 September 2016]. Victoria State Government, 2015. Guidelines for Managing Complaints, Misconduct and Unsatisfactory Performance. [Online] Available at: https://www.education.vic.gov.au/hrweb/Documents/Complaints_Misconduct_and_Unsatisfactory-Performance_VPS.pdf [Accessed 10 September 2016]. White, C., 2016. What Does Safety Commitment Mean to the Employee? [Online] Available at: https://www.selectinternational.com/safety-blog/bid/185314/What-Does-Safety-Commitment-Mean-to-the-Employee [Accessed 9 September 2016].

Beatniks and Hippies essays

Beatniks and Hippies essays In the times of recovery after 2 great World Wars and The Great Depression it was not hard to realize why there were some people that held negative reactions towards the lifestyle that the average American was used to living in the 50s through the late 70s and their ideals of values and beliefs of the nation. Two movements that was conceived and born of these feelings of alienation and freedom are the Beat movement and later the movement of the Hippies. These two movements are called the Counter Culture. For many people it is seen as a step backwards, and a period in the history of the United States where it is seen as a reason for all the problems in society there is today. I although however believed that the best times in the United States came from the movements of the Counter Culture and what they had done to influence popular culture and society forever for the better and I will demonstrate with this essay how that has happened. Although however most will see them as a misguided or anarchic group of individuals, they actually contributed to one of the best eras of the United States. These movements promote freedom, basically freedom from the society that America has created. Free from their ideals and their monotonous view towards the world and its politics. And also the freedom to express oneself by anyway possible no matter if it is viewed as a radical move or not. The beat movement refers to a set of literary, political, and social attitudes associated with certain American writers and artists during the 1950s. The Beat movement was an angry voice towards the complications of the problems given to us from the two World Wars. This is the rebellion against the America that is the descendant of the Lost Generation of the twenties and the Bohemians of the thirties and forties. However, this is the movement that will be known mostly for being the predecessor of the era of the Hippies...

Free Essays on Leonardo Compared With Piero

COMPARE THE THEORETICAL AND AESTHETIC INSTINCTS OF TWO OF THE THREE QUATTROCENTO PAINTERS: (PIERO DELLA FRANCESCA ANDREA MANTEGNA, AND LEONARDO DA VINCI). WHAT WOULD YOU SAY WERE THE PRINICPAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE WORKS OF YOUR TWO SELECTED ARTISTS? ANALYSE ONE PAINTING BY EITHER ARTIST WHICH YOU FIND PARTICULARLY ABSORBING. Leonardo da Vinci and Piero della Francesca had definite aesthetic and theoretical instincts in their approach to their artworks. Theory refers to the question of why a painting is painted a particular way and aesthetics refers to the question of what makes a painting invite and absorbs ones thinking. At this time in history Leon Battista Alberti wrote the first treatise on painting, the Della Pittura (1436). This treatise created an atmosphere of reflection and painting was elevated from a mere artisan trade to an intellectual exercise that required great skill. This intellectualization of painting had much to do with the development of perspective. The 15th Century was a time of certainty and measure. This could be seen in the Liberal arts that were taught at University. They were all arts of measure. Both Leonardo and Piero left written treatises on painting. Leonardo’s was entitled the Trattato della Pittura and Piero’s De Prospectiva Pingendi. These two w orks help in understanding their aesthetic and theoretical tendencies. Leonardo also wrote on many subjects outside painting in his notebooks which also help to further understand him and his aesthetics and theory. In this essay I will outline the similarities and differences in Piero and Leonardo’s aesthetics and theory. I will also analyse Leonardo’s Mona Lisa (1503) and define what I find absorbing in this work. Both Leonardo and Piero theorized about painting in their treatises on art. For both perspective was an important aspect of painting in a time when ‘certainty’ was highly valued. Leonardo relied heavily on mathem... Free Essays on Leonardo Compared With Piero Free Essays on Leonardo Compared With Piero COMPARE THE THEORETICAL AND AESTHETIC INSTINCTS OF TWO OF THE THREE QUATTROCENTO PAINTERS: (PIERO DELLA FRANCESCA ANDREA MANTEGNA, AND LEONARDO DA VINCI). WHAT WOULD YOU SAY WERE THE PRINICPAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE WORKS OF YOUR TWO SELECTED ARTISTS? ANALYSE ONE PAINTING BY EITHER ARTIST WHICH YOU FIND PARTICULARLY ABSORBING. Leonardo da Vinci and Piero della Francesca had definite aesthetic and theoretical instincts in their approach to their artworks. Theory refers to the question of why a painting is painted a particular way and aesthetics refers to the question of what makes a painting invite and absorbs ones thinking. At this time in history Leon Battista Alberti wrote the first treatise on painting, the Della Pittura (1436). This treatise created an atmosphere of reflection and painting was elevated from a mere artisan trade to an intellectual exercise that required great skill. This intellectualization of painting had much to do with the development of perspective. The 15th Century was a time of certainty and measure. This could be seen in the Liberal arts that were taught at University. They were all arts of measure. Both Leonardo and Piero left written treatises on painting. Leonardo’s was entitled the Trattato della Pittura and Piero’s De Prospectiva Pingendi. These two w orks help in understanding their aesthetic and theoretical tendencies. Leonardo also wrote on many subjects outside painting in his notebooks which also help to further understand him and his aesthetics and theory. In this essay I will outline the similarities and differences in Piero and Leonardo’s aesthetics and theory. I will also analyse Leonardo’s Mona Lisa (1503) and define what I find absorbing in this work. Both Leonardo and Piero theorized about painting in their treatises on art. For both perspective was an important aspect of painting in a time when ‘certainty’ was highly valued. Leonardo relied heavily on mathem...

English Curriculumn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

English Curriculumn - Essay Example .† (Dec 2010, p. 16). Green and Cormack in their attempts to explain the wide acceptability of the English language specified that the hybrid quality of the English language that has resulted in its generosity. Empowered by the â€Å"hybridity† as specified by Green and Cormack, the English language has the capacity to satisfy an array of purposes, having multiple social, cultural and educational effects. Keeping in mind the wide acceptability and appreciation of the English language as an essential medium of communication in academic disciplines it has also become important to teach and consequently encourage students to learn the language with such effectiveness so that they can acknowledge effects of the English Language in social, cultural and educational peripheries. Green and Cormack have identified that irrespective of its development and phenomenal success as the language for communication in the global context adequate measures have not yet been taken to context ualise the language within the educational philosophy: â€Å"What has not been understood to date, or sufficiently appreciated, is the extent to which such matters can, and need to, be related to and contextualised within a more general educational history† (Oct 2008, p. 253). Thus, in it important in this context to revaluate theoretical models, pedagogical rationales and â€Å"hybridity† of the English language so that possibilities can be explored to make students realize about the wide scope of its effects in social, cultural and educational aspects. Keeping in accord with Green and Cormack argument about â€Å"hybridity† of the English language that has resulted in the... This essay stresses that while the theoretical models have aimed at enhancing aptitude of a student from different approaches, on the other hand, there is no denial of the fact that unless a student develops the expertise in understanding linguistic diversity and rich rhetoric of the language, he will not be able to communicate with the text and consequently the entire effort will fail. The English Language has been considered by academicians as the most effective medium that would help them to communicate with the text. The element of linguistic variety and ‘hybridity’ of the English Language has been widely accepted and it is because of this reason the language has been able to give birth to so many forms in different regional and cultural domains. This report makes a conclusion that the Victorian 7-10 Syllabus of the English language is ordained in such manner that finds a close relevance with the principles of different theoretical approaches, such as, the Personal Growth Model, Cultural Heritage Model and the Critical Literacy Model. While on one hand, the 7-10 Syllabus enables the education department to follow a specific and well planned structural approach to guide students in the context of enhancing their efficiency in learning the English Language, moreover, it also germinates among students the capacity of creative thinking, analytical power, an aptitude to understand the politics of modernist existence and finally the spontaneous will to realize the responsibilities of civic and citizenship, irrespective of the radical change that has occurred in the socio-cultural scenario compared to the earlier times.

Financial Reporting Theory and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Reporting Theory and Practice - Essay Example Since the reporting of a company's performance greatly depends on which accounting standard is utilized, the firm's health often depends on the policies in financial reporting. One of the most important issues in financial reporting is the valuation of the company's assets. Since a firm's asset is often measured by the amount of resources it holds in its asset account, companies should not overlook the valuation measures they use. This paper will examine the valuation of tangible, fixed assets as set by FRS and IAS. Valuation of fixed assets is laid out on FRS 15 entitled Tangible Fixed Asset and in IAS 16 with the heading Property Plant and Equipment. However, standard setters differ in their requirements regarding revaluation. FRS 15 states that "none specialized properties should be valued on the basis of the existing use value, with the addition of notional directly attributable acquisition costs where material (53a)." Meanwhile IAS 16 necessitates that asset be measured at the fair value unless (a) the exchange transaction lacks commercial substance or (b) the fair value of neither the asset received nor the asset given up is reliably measurable.

Reflection on the book 'The White Castle' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection on the book 'The White Castle' - Essay Example Like in the story Hoja, a Muslim, made the western slave tell him about their life styles and he preferred these western styles over theirs. Pamuk portrays religion with great care in the book and shows how the two different thoughts of West and East can merge together. The Ottoman society follows the old traditions according to their religion and thus do not take any sanitary precautions when a plague hits Istanbul, however the Italian slave advises the Sultan to use such measures for the end of plague and the Sultan does eventually follow the Western way of removing the plague which proves to be successful. Pamuk in his story White Castle tells about the realities of life in the 17th century. It describes different events taking place in the Ottoman Empire. Cruelty is prevalent through out the plot of the story and can be clearly viewed in the characters. The Italian Scholar seems to be laid into a trap by the Eastern world but is saved by his own intellect. Similarly Pamuk is portraying the Eastern world with great uncertainty and cruelness. The pirates who capture the Italian scholar are cruel in nature and are supposedly going to kill the scholar. However the scholar’s intellect helps him to misguide the pirates into thinking that he is a doctor and this saves his life. But on the other hand the pirates do not free the scholar; they rather gift him as a slave to Hoja. The character of Hoja can also be viewed to be cruel as he absorbs all the information from the Italian scholar about his lifestyle and even then does not let him free. The cruel nature of Hoja can yet again be seen in his aim of designing a deadly weapon which would help his empire to conquer other states. And furthermore, when the weapon does not work as expected by him he steals the identity of the Italian scholar and runs away leaving him in the Ottoman

Impact Of Globalisation On The Airline Industry Tourism Essay

Impact Of Globalisation On The Airline Industry Tourism Essay Globalisation Process is been a universal force. Factors contributing to globalization include market, production, culture, labour, technology, environment and regulation. Globalization provides huge potential profits to companies and nations. Air travel is a large and growing industry. Economic growth, world trade, international investment and tourism is been facilitated by Airline Industry. Various improvements regarding the air travel both commercial including government and private airlines have grown. Introduction of a few airlines from Boeing like Boeing 747 have increased the capacity of passengers to carry and have made it affordable for people to travel with luxury and comfort. Improvements and contribution from government has increased the development of resorts and infrastructure to attract lure tourists from the prosperous countries in Western Europe and North America. With the growth of economies of developing countries their own citizens are becoming the new international tourists of the future. The rapid growth of world trade in international direct investment has also contributed to growth in business travel. Worldwide, IATA, International Air Transport Association, forecasts international air travel to grow by an average 6.6% a year to the end of the decade and over 5% a year from 2000 to 2010. Airlines industry has been raised by up to 9% a year and is forecast to continue to grow rapidly, although the recession has hit the market in these years. The main air travel markets of the future will continue to be in and between Europe, North America and Asia in terms of total passenger. Example, Airbus and being the current upcoming airlines in commercial with new technological changes. CURRENT TRENDS: The current trends in India as well as other big players in the market based on the regulations are as follows:- The growth of the airline industry is tree having n number of branches irrespective of private or public sector. There has been 7% growth of air travel per year for both business and leisure purposes which grew strongly worldwide. The Scheduled airlines carried 1.5 billion passengers last year. As far as the leisure market is concerned introduction of Boeing 747 made it convenient and affordable for people to travel for new and exotic destinations. Net operating revenues in the quarter were under $2 billion, a 19% increase has resulted in strong anticipated payments volume, cross border volume and process transaction growth worldwide. Down from 7.4 per cent in 2007 IATA exects a passenger Growth at 5% in 2008. The government have merged the Air India and Indian Airlines into one Airline, which will be taken over other private airlines further as per the market demand. The airlines has low stock with the public, but now that there are a host of private airlines, customers are no longer willing to do so. The result is that the flag carrier has been losing both market share and public goodwill. The investment in the private industry is increasing as these days the public sector is been dominated by the private sector. CURRENT SITUATION: Mergers: Mergers have had a great impact as far as the Indian airline industry is concerned. Mergers have either enhanced the economy growth or have reduced it. As far as Indian market is concerned mergers within the public sector have taken place where by the upcoming results are not satisfactory. Expansion: The expansion has created new options for travellers, but it has not significantly affected Airlines position. For example, Air Canada estimated that it had a 90% share of Canadian travel agency in 2001 and sales and share of 75% seat capacity in the domestic market. After Air Canada gained control of CAI, it became the sole carrier on the majority of the top 200 domestic routes. untitled.bmp Approval of major decision: Unlike the private airlines the approval of civil aviation for major decision concerning the officialdom and the other legal formalities and the well being of the industry and the things accompanying it. Private sector investment: As in many other fields like banking or insurance where government allowed private sector entry, the state-owned entity has suffered on the same scale. Firstly the labour under bureaucratic procedures has result in long-delays in operational matters like purchase of aircraft, choice of routes, and sale of bilateral. Profits jump from 40% -50% as far as sales are concerned. OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS The opportunities and threats basically imply the various opportunities that the airline industry is facing and going through whereas, the threats imply the rivalry, the new entrance and substitutes which in turn illustrates the way the progress of the industry or the business is going. Airlines and the allocation and maintenance cost. The airlines are one big industry with huge cost and investment where the allocation cost and the maintenance cost servers as the major factors for the industry. The cost as per as the price is concerned fluctuating market prices are a big threat to the airline industry as ression hits this area and the economy downfall would cut down on the financial part of the airlines to fit the things as per their budget. Like most other industries at this stage, airlines have not been immune to the global economic downfall. At the end of 2008 cargo traffic bottomed out, posting a dismal 25% may decline. Many airlines, particularly in the U.S., responded with aggressive capacity adjustments and an four quarter loss was served. The number of aircraft taken out of service exceeded the number of new aircraft delivered in the end of the year 2008. The expansion of fleets, which forced the airlines to drastically reduce capacity by cutting both flight frequencies and uneconomic routes. Adding to the weak aircraft utilization, defined as the percentage of revenue ton-miles divided into available ton-miles, resulting in disastrous fall in yield by 20%. Though 2009 contained high economies for the airline industry. International cargo traffic improved by 12% over from 2009 till present. Rising demand, shrinking capacity It includes two type of demand namely, the requirement for the flights are high by the passengers but the airlines having their flights are very less as compared to the demand. Due to the economy downfall the visa versa is happing a lot these days. The current ample space available onboard for most aircraft is quite less, though the capacity has been cut out. The market of airlines industry is expected to grow at 13%, and continue to grow at a progressive rate till 2012 as can be predicted. Regulatory pressure There is also increased awareness by industry and additional scrutiny given by FDA and other national regulatory bodies. The Regulations as per the government as to the directions and ways are still pressure and intervention from the private airlines. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND ITS EFFECT: The response of government to various issues as faced by the airlines industry and the way the it affected the economy: Strikes: The strikes have been faced a lot when it comes to the airlines industry. As per the recent records to the policies given by the government of removal of workers from jet airways in India due to the recession crisis created a strike problem. As there was over staffing of employees jet decided to remove a few employees. Being private airlines the workers could not make a change in the decision and hence ended up with a strike. Finally government took a stand and the process was stopped accordingly. Conflicts: The conflict between airlines and the airlines with the government has many aspects relating to it. As Boeing 737-800 less than two minutes after take-off crashed on May 5, 2007 in the midst of a thunderstorm, but the report said poor weather or mechanical error and the government had nothing to do with it. Kenya Airways is hence fighting against Ethiopia Airlines, Fly540 as well as South African Airlines for control of Africas airspace with safety. The government thus came forward with it and a better management of its weather forecast and other aspects were asked to take care off. Also, Sahara and Jet airways were supposedly to become rivals as Sahara wanted to take over Jet but without having any liability. Hence, the later was taken an off as the deal did not crack out. Taxes: The government imposes several taxes as far as airlines industry is concerned. The tax starts from the upbringing of these airlines in various sectors. Thus, the government has imposed passengers tax for about landing in international airports. Thus an increase in the taxes has a negative impact on the economy though nothing can be done in this context, lest the price is increased considerably. Turnover: The turnover for the airline industry has been quite a subjective matter as in the past two years the economic downfall has removed many employees from their respective jobs, though government airlines are still not under the amount of pressure as per the private ones but a cut down in a salary is the problem they face. The growth in terms of the GDP has been progressing in the airline industry. They differ from country to country. As the highest GDP forecast is for Qatar Airways, Briatin and the least for Iceland. The industry is one with huge investment and huge outcome resulting in dominating a major portion of the economic industry. gdp_growth2009.gif Mergers: The mergers that include the contract between two companies or industries under the same footnote to come and serve as one influencing the other or improving the current scenario. The government are many times in support of the mergers depending upon the situation and the outcome of the merger. Currently as far as India is concerned the merger or takeover of the government airlines by a private one is been talked about. As the situation of Air India these days is been going verse as not sufficient airplanes to carry and Boeing have certain destinations and areas as per the government rule as to where the flights can operate and others. Hence, the government will cooperate if the mergers are for the well being of the economy else it will be of no benefits for the other. Findings: The expansion of the airline industry is on hype. The growth of the airline industry is having a positive impact on the economy as they in turn are the inflow of cash for various other activities. In general for the airline industry are to be meet when a decision concerning the same is been taken into consideration. As the civil flying standards are to be meet. The current trends or recession has hit the airline industry to a less extent as compared to the others. And hence, it still serves its purpose and is least affected by the economic downfall, effect was seen only on the initial stages where a lot of flights were cut down and those relating to the less economic places had no longer flight schedules. Difficulty is faced when a new player gets into the airline industry due to huge infrastructure and much because of the government rules and policies. Once the airline industry requires huge some of investment as well as a favourable balance to carry out the rest. Private sector has been dominating the airlines and future can be seen as the private players are the market leaders and the government intervention has been quite reduced. New techniques of constant improvement as far as the technical aspect of airlines is concerned and Boeing has made a few major changes in its airlines and technology has been improved for the better. Constant updating for comfort and luxury are taking the upmost priority and the cost are been kept into the budget of the current public scenario. Highly complicated set off recruitments and processes for talking the employees have been faced as far as the private airlines are concerned and government strictness over the official commercial airlines too have maximised. Cut throat competition have been faced with in the several companies of airlines, where by options for talking over the other is been the best outcome to reduce the competition. RECOMENDATION The regulations pertaining to the airline industry are quite transparent and need less scope of improvement. The target market should soon hit the lower income groups as well though efforts are been done for the same but not internationally. As per the flights schedules, weather and other environmental factor the frequency of flights should be increased. Negotiate long-term contracts with service providers to lock-in incremental fees and surcharges as such. Evaluate the feasibility of ocean freight and for some portion of international deliveries which hold importance. Establish and develop high Quality Agreements between appropriate stakeholders Develop a Plan B which means to hit the target market and serves the industry well. Further scope of improvement from the government of motivating the online booking strategy. Government intervention should be slightly reduced and proper taxes should be charged and reviewed. Strengthen and change the impact and regulation wherever necessary.