buy custom The Contract Law essay

purchase custom The Contract Law exposition An agreement can be characterized as an understanding between at least two gatherings or associations and the necessities that the agreement structures are conspicuous by the law. Along these lines an agreement law is an understanding between associations that on the off chance that one association is disappointed with another, the law can intercede and make a judgment (Miller, 2009). Numerous associations, for motivations behind connection with others, go into contracts however many end up in the hands of the law because of different misconceptions between the two. I numerous cases, the contribution organization consistently wins a large portion of the case because of numbness of the agreement terms by the advertised. For an agreement to be enforceable, it must be legitimate, it must have an offer, it must be acknowledged by the two gatherings and it must have contemplations to the two gatherings. It is consequently prudent to definitely peruse the terms and states of an agreement b efore entering in to it. Body For our situation here, we have two organizations included that are Clean and Tidy Ltd and PC Ltd. Perfect and Tidy Ltd has been offering PC cleaning administrations to PC Ltd for a long time at this point. It is seen that a few PCs are harmed and PC ltd is requesting pay however Clean and Tidy Ltd view a condition that they had given to PC ltd. Before the cleaning occurred, PC Ltd didn't sign the agreement. Perfect and Tidy Ltd claims that they are just qualified to pay for any harms on the off chance that they are advised ahead of time that the thing harmed is especially important, which PC ltd had not done. For the law to intercede in an agreement case, it needs to take a gander at various things. As a matter of first importance, was the condition fused as a term or an agreement? One might say that the statement was a term instead of an agreement. This is on the grounds that it was composed at the rear of sheet of paper that Clean and Tidy had given to PC Ltd. For the proviso to be named as an agreement, it must be all around characterized at the front of the composed agreement. As on account of Woodruff versus Clarke Company Farm Bureau Cooperative Association, where a rancher bought chicken for the motivations behind laying eggs. The greater part of them kicked the bucket after ailment and the rancher sued the merchant. The vender highlighted the language on the receipts that he provided for the rancher that expressed no guarantees either express or inferred have been made by the dealer with regards to the state of the poultry. The court managed the case for the vender however it doubted whether the language was obvious enough to draw the consideration of the rancher. On account of Clean and Tidy Ltd and PC Ltd, it very well may be seen that the proviso was composed at the rear of a piece of paper thus it was not conspicuou at all to the PC ltd organization to see. The court should govern the case for the PC ltd organization. Also, the details of the agreement should be noticeable and clear. Concerning the instance of Henderson versus Stevenson where a traveler going with baggage from Dublin to White safe house on a ticket (Miller ,2009), which had a term composed on the back which absolved the delivery organization from risk for the loss of gear. He never took a gander at the rear of the ticket. He lost his baggage and sued for harms. He was qualified for harms as he was not limited by something which was not imparted to him. For our situation here, it tends to be seen that the term on the Clean and Tidy Ltd being at risk to pay for the harmed isn't obvious. It is arranged at the rear of a sheet of paper that Pc Ltd was given. In this way PC Ltd is qualified for harms and the law should control the case for it. Thirdly, timing of the notification additionally matters. The significant inquiry here is was the notification given previously or during the agreement time frame? Concerning the instance of Ramsgate Victoria Hotel Co., versus Montefiore where an individual offered to buy partakes in an organization by composing a letter on June 8 (Kelly Anne, 2002). The organization discharged the offers on 23rd November. The individual declined the offers. The law held to that the offer passed as it was not acknowledged inside a sensible time. For our situation here, it very well may be seen that Clean and Tidy Ltd didn't give their terms on harmed PCs to PC Ltd on schedule or inside a sensible time. It was after the harm of the PCs that the term became visible. The sheet of paper that the term was composed was given to PC Ltd on the day that Clean and Tidy Ltd cleaned the PCs. This was past the point of no return since it was long after the agreement was agreed upon. Likewise, for our situation here, the Clean and Tidys term was composed on a piece of paper. On the off chance that the conditions are contained in a different report that is conveyed after the agreement is finished, at that point the offeree isn't limited by them. Such archive is taken as a non-authoritative record as it should contain the states of the agreement. As indicated by R.S. Deboo versus M. V. Hindlekar, it can't be expected that the printed conditions that are on any archive appended to the genuine agreement (Gilles, 2004), may it be a receipt or a bit of paper, naturally become legally binding terms or part of it. Take for instance this case; an individual recruited a seat from the city gathering so as to sit on the sea shore. He paid the lease and was given a ticket which had a provision on an appended sheet of paper at the back that excluded the board for any mishap or harm emerging from the hiire of seats. The individual continued wounds as he was perched on the seat after it separated. He sued the board for harms. The law decided that the chamber was at risk for the people wounds since the statement on the appended piece of paper don't consequently become legally binding terms. This is as indicated by Chapleton v. Barry U.D.C (Gilles, 2004). The other basic thing is the sensibility of the term of agreement (Kelly Anne, 2002). For our situation here, it very well may be seen that the term expressed that Clean and clean Ltd won't be liable for any wounds or harms howsoever caused. The term at that point keeps on saying that the organization will anyway pay a specific sum for every PC harmed in the event that it is educated ahead of time that the thing is especially important. This doesn't bode well by any stretch of the imagination. It possibly you are qualified or not. The term additionally expresses that it will pay a specific sum for a PC that is harmed in the event that they are educated ahead of time of its worth. This is an offer and for a proposal to be substantial, it must be imparted in time. For this situation, it was not imparted to PC ltd and they didn't know about it. Concerning the instance of Felthouse versus Bindley a provider sent a draft understanding identifying with the gracefully of coal and coke to th e chief of a railroad organization for his acknowledgment. The supervisor composed the word endorsed on the draft and put it in a cabinet with an aim of sending it to the provider for a conventional agreement to be drawn up. The draft stayed in the cabinet. For this situation, there is no agreement since the director had not conveyed his acknowledgment to the provider. For our situation here, it very well may be seen that PC Ltd didn't acknowledge or react to the offer that Clean and Tidy gave since they didn't know about it. The offer was uncovered after the harms of the PCs and consequently the law should run the case for PC Ltd since they didn't know about the offer and they even didn't react to it. End PC Ltd was not bound to the term that Clean and Tidy ltd gave on the harmed PCs. As a matter of first importance, the term was composed on a piece of paper. Also, it appears that PC Ltd didn't know about the terms since they requested remuneration promptly there were harms on their PCs. Thirdly, the term, having a proposal in it was not imparted to the offeree. It was likewise imparted to the offeree at a late stage when the harms had happened. However, Clean and Tidy could anyway not be at risk to the harms since they mentioned a warning of the estimation of the PCs before cleaning them else they are subject for the harms and they ought to repay PC Ltd for them. Purchase custom The Contract Law exposition

Steal the Show With These Fabulous Wedding Speech Quotes

Get everyone's attention With These Fabulous Wedding Speech Quotes Talking before a group for any event needs a little prep, not to mention the most significant day of a couples new coexistence. What's more, giving a toast may appear as though little potatoes among everything you need to do that day-yet you still dont need to goof it up. Regardless of whether youre the best man or house cleaner of respect entrusted with giving a discourse, one of the individuals from the upbeat couple needing to respect your new love or a parent entrusted with making a contacting second, you need the words to come out right. Keep yourself from turning into an epic bomb image all over web based life (and you realize individuals will film). Consolidate these heartfeltâ quotations, brisk jests, or popular idioms into your big day discourse or toast.â Wedding Toast, From the Groom to the Bride Heres to the prettiest, heres to the wittiest,Heres to the most genuine of all who are true,Heres to the neatest one, heres to the best one,Heres to them, across the board heres to you. To the Groom Heres to the husband to be, a man who keeps his head however he loses his heart. To the Bridesmaids A wondrous thing is a delight until the end of time. Heres to these delightful bridesmaids. We appreciate them for their excellence, regard them for their insight, love them for their ideals, and love them since we cannot resist. To the Bride May she share everything with her better half, including the housework. Wedding Toast, From the Groom to the Bride She thoroughly understands me and adores me nonetheless. Wedding Toast, From the Parents of the Bride and Groom It is composed: When youngsters discover genuine affection, guardians discover genuine bliss. Heres to your satisfaction and our own, from this day forward. To the Gathering Let us toast the strength of the bride;Let us toast the wellbeing of the groom,Let us toast the individual that tied;Let us toast each visitor in the room. To the Bride and Groom Look down. you divine beings, and on this couple drop a favored crown. Recollect that in the event that you at any point set your conjugal issues aside for later, they make certain to bubble over. Cheerful relationships start when we wed the one we love, and they bloom when we love the one we wedded. My most noteworthy wish for you two is that during that time your adoration for one another will so develop and growâ that years from now you will think back on this day, your big day, as the day you cherished each other the least. May the greatest day of your past be the most noticeably terrible day of your future. Marriage: A people group comprising of an ace, an escort, and two slaves-production, on the whole, two. May the rooftop above you never fall in and may you both never drop out. To the light of adoration may it consume most brilliant in the darkest hours and never glimmer in the breezes of preliminary. May regardless be far superior than more terrible. The man or lady you truly love will never develop old to you.Through the wrinkles of time, through the bowed edge of years,You will consistently observe the dear face and feelThe warm heart association of your everlasting adoration. May you have numerous childrenand may they become experienced in tasteand sound in colorand as looked for afteras the substance of the glass. Statements From the Famous Rainer Maria RilkeA great marriage is that wherein each delegates the other gatekeeper of his isolation. Gwendolyn BrooksWe are each other’s reap; we are each other’s business; we are each other’s greatness and bond. Jane Austen, Pride and PrejudiceOh, Lizzy! Do anything as opposed to wed without love. Mignon McLaughlinIn the number-crunching of affection, one in addition to one equivalents everything, and two short one equivalents nothing. Friedrich NietzscheIt isn't an absence of affection, yet an absence of fellowship that makes despondent relationships. Franz SchubertHappy is the man who finds a genuine companion, and far more joyful is heâ who finds that genuine companion in his significant other. The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.There is not any more exquisite, cordial, and enchanting relationship, fellowship, or organization than a decent marriage. Elizabeth AshleyIn an incredible sentiment, every individual has an influence the other truly prefers. George Jean NathanLove is a feeling experienced by the numerous and appreciated by the couple of. Elizabeth GilbertTo be completely observed by someone, at that point, and be adored in any case this is a human contribution that can verge on inexplicable. Robert Anderson, Solitaire Double SolitaireIn each marriage over seven days old, there are justification for separate. Try to discover, and keep on discovering, justification for marriage. Sydney J. HarrisAlmost nobody is sufficiently silly to envision that he naturally merits extraordinary accomplishment in any field of action, yet nearly everybody accepts that he consequently merits achievement in marriage. Amy GrantThe more you put resources into a marriage, the more important it becomes. Mother TeresaThe strive after adoration is considerably more hard to expel than the long for bread. Paul ValeryLove is being inept together. American ProverbYou need to kiss a ton of amphibians before you locate an attractive ruler. Dr. James C. DobsonDont wed the individual you want to live with; wed just the individual you think you cannot live without. Franklin P. JonesLove doesnt make life as we know it possible; love is the thing that makes the ride beneficial. Kristen KappelLove is the point at which you investigate someonesâ eyes and see all that you need. Lucy Van Pelt,â in Peanuts, by Charles M. SchulzAll I truly need is love, yet a little chocolate once in a while doesnt hurt! Tony HeathBe leaders of every others fan clubs. Dave MeurerA great marriageâ is not when the ideal couple meet up. It is the point at which a defective couple figures out how to make the most of their disparities. MadonnaTo be daring is to cherish somebody unequivocally, without anticipating anything consequently. To simply give; that takes fortitude. Since we dont need to fall on our countenances or leave ourselves open to hurt.

College Essay Examples - Writes a Great Essay

College Essay Examples - Writes a Great EssayYou can make a college essay for your friends and you can write a great essay if you use the right college essay examples. A good example is a college essay that has gone through a really rigorous academic review process. If you have one of these you know you are going to be writing a very quality essay.Now don't let this scare you, if you get a little intimidated, just go ahead and begin writing your essay and you will soon find yourself a student of the highest caliber. We all can write at times, and the more time you spend on the subject, the more comfortable you will become. This is when the art of self-expression comes into play and is more than useful in a time of writing.There are a number of places where you can find college essay examples. However, not all of them are the same. A lot of people want to take classes that will show how easy it is to do this. What they don't realize is that there are quite a few pitfalls when it comes to picking out a college essay example.The first problem with using essay examples is that they are often outdated and not very useful. I mean, think about the problems that a professor has to go through on a daily basis. Imagine having to rewrite an essay because the words have changed? Not very comfortable, right?You need to look for essay examples that show the writer how to use the material in the best way possible. If you have to reword it multiple times, don't even think about using a college essay example. If you take this advice it will save you from a lot of trouble.The second problem with using college essay examples is that they are never really unique. Take some time to look at examples that can help you take a look at what the person is really trying to say. The writer you see there may be a better one than you thought and this is a sure sign that you are dealing with an excellent writer. All you have to do is take the time to read their work and then decide which type of essay you would like to write.Those are the two main problems with using college essay examples. If you are going to go this route, make sure you use the right ones. If you use the wrong ones, you are bound to have a horrible semester or even a failure grade. Be sure to use the proper sources to get the information you need and get started on your education.

How Global Changes Affect You Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2641 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? When I study this subject, I understand the importance of business. I know that, business can be defined as a person, partnership, or cooperation that seeks to provide goods and services to others at a profit. Besides that, this course can have a major impact on your career direction and future success regardless of whether you major in business, the sciences, or the liberal arts. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Global Changes Affect You Business Essay" essay for you Create order Whatever you major may be, you are likely to end up pursuing a career in a business setting. For example, if you major in science, you may work for a biotechnology firm and can benefit from an understanding of business concepts such as managing an organization, working with employees, and managing employees. If you select journalism as a major, you may work for a media or publishing firm and, therefore, can benefit from an understanding of business concepts such as providing a product desired by consumers. Business concepts such as creating ideas, leadership, teamwork, and quality control are relevant to almost everyone, no matter what career is chosen. An Introduction to Business course provides the foundation of business knowledge that can enable you to utilize your talents in the business world. It also provides you with an overview of many different business worlds. It also provides you with an overview of many different business topics, allowing you to determine the specific fie ld of business. Introduction of Business Environment Business environment is that which surrounds a business. It affects a business. It is dynamic in the sense it keeps changing. Since it is composed of many factors, it is important for a company to study and monitor its environment carefully. This is so that the business does not go wrong in its planning process for its current and future plans. The changes in the environment may be good or bad for a particular business. They can affect the business in a positive or a negative way. It becomes essential to monitor the environment, especially the external, uncontrollable part of the environment. Since there are innumerable components that make up the total environment, a careful understanding of each and the implications of the changes of each factor need to be done. This facilitates the strategic planning process. Just as a human being take decisions based on his or his surrounding environment, example: parent, siblings, peer group, teachers, role models, health, attitude, socio-econ omic status. 1.2 The Economic and Legal Environment People are willing to start new businesses if they believe that the risk of losing their money isnt too great. Part of that risk involves the economic system and how government works with or against businesses. Government can do a lot to lessen the risk of starting businesses and thus increase entrepreneurship and wealth. For example, a government can keep taxes and regulations to a minimum. Another way for government to actively promote entrepreneurship is to allow private ownership of businesses. In some countries, the government owns most businesses, and theres little incentive for people to work hard or create profit. All around the world today, however, governments are selling those businesses to private individual to create more wealth. One of the best things the governments of developing countries can do is to minimize interference with the free exchange of goods and services. 1.3 The Technological Environment Technological factors sometimes pose serious problems. A firm that unable to cope with technological changes may not be survived. Further, the differing technological environment of different markets or countries may be called for product modifications. Besides that, Technology also is the most important elements of the macro environment. Furthermore Technology is the human being innovation and it literally wonder Technology helps to human being go to the moon, travelling the spaceships, other side of the globe with few hours. Advances in the technologies have facilitated product improvements and introduction of new products and have considerably improved the marketability of the products. The fast changes in technologies also create problems for enterprises as that render. Plants and product obsolete. Today adopt changers in technology to achieve successful in business and industry. Internet and telecom system also is the important part of technological development in the world . These things today changed whole world. It changes people and business operation. It leads to many new business opportunities apart from the many existing systems. Technological environment characteristics are outlined: The find of technological change Opportunities are arising out of technological developments. Risk and uncertain is the major feature of the technological developments. Research and development role to country Technology and business activities are to be highly considerable, interrelated and interdependent. Technology output/fruits available to society through business activities in this way improve the quality of life in the society. Therefore, technology nurtured by business. 1.4 The Social Environment Demography is the statistical study of the human population with regard to its size, density, and other characteristics such as age, race, gender, and income. The particularly interested in the demographic trends that most affect business and career choices. Managing Diversity has come to mean much more than recruiting and keeping minorities and women. Many more groups are now included in diversity efforts. For example, the list of 26 diversity groups identified by Federated Department Stores includes seniors, the disable, homosexuals, atheists, extroverts, introverts, married people, singles, and the devout. 1.5 The Global Environment The global environment may affect all firms directly or indirectly. Some firm rely on foreign countries for some of their supplies or sell their products in various countries. They may even establish subsidiaries in foreign countries where they can products and sell to them. Even if a firm is not planning to sell its products in foreign countries, it must be aware of the global environment because it may face foreign competition when it sells its product locally. Furthermore, global economic conditions can affect local economic conditions. It economic condition weaken in foreign countries, the foreign demand for U.S. products will decrease. Consequently, sales by U.S. firms will decrease, and this may result in some layoffs. The general income level in the United state will decline, and U.S. consumers will have less money to spend. The demand for all products will decline, even those that are sold only in the United States. Thus, even firms that have no international business can b e affected by the global environment. 1.5.1 How Global Changes Affect You As businesses expand to serve global markets, new jobs will be created in both manufacturing and service industries. U.S. exports are expected to continue to increase under new trade agreements that will lead to expansion of the job market both in the United States and globally. Global trade also means global competition. The students who will prosper are those who are prepared for the markets of tomorrow. That means that you must prepare yourself now to compete in a rapidly changing worldwide environment. Conclusion During this chapter I learn that type of the environment, and also know that this four type of environment will effects our business environement Introduction of Ownerships When entrepreneurs establish a business, they must decide on the form of business ownership. There are three basic forms of business ownership: sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation. The form that is chosen can affect the profitability, risk, and value of the firm. The business ownership decision determines how the earnings of a business are distributed among the owners of the business, the degree of liability of each owner, the degree of control that each owner has in running the business, the potential return of the business, and the risk of the business. These types of decisions are necessary for all business. Sole Proprietorship A business owned by a single owner is referred to as a sole proprietorship. The owner of a sole proprietorship is called a sole proprietor. A sole proprietor may obtain loans from creditors to help finance the firms operations, but these loans do not represent ownership. The sole proprietor is obligated to cover any payments resulting from the loans but does not need to share the business profits with creditors. Typical examples of sole proprietorships include a local restaurant, a local construction firm, a barber shop, a laundry service, and a local clothing store. About 70 percent of all firms in the United States are sole proprietorship. But because these firms are relatively small, they generate less than 10 percent of all business revenue. The earnings generated by a sole proprietorship are considered to be personal income received by the proprietor and are subject to personal income taxes collected by the Internal Revenue Service. Characteristics of Sole Proprietors Sole proprietors must be willing to accept full responsibility for the firms performance. The pressure of this responsibility can be must greater than any employees responsibility. Besides of this, Sole proprietors must also be willing to work flexible hours. They are on call at all times and may even have to substitute for a sick employee. Other than that, their responsibility for the success of the business encourages them to continually monitor business operations. They must exhibit strong leadership skills, be well organized, and communicate skill well with employees. Many successful sole proprietors had precious work experience in the market in which they are competing, perhaps as an employee in a competitors firm. For example, restaurant managers commonly establish their own restaurant. Experience is critical to understanding the competition and the behavior of customers in a particular market. Advantages of a Sole Proprietorship Easy Organization Establishing a sole proprietorship is relatively easy. The legal requirements are minimal. A sole proprietorship need not establish a separate legal entity. The owner must register the firm with the state, which can normally be done by mail. The owner may also need to apply for an occupational license to conduct a particular type of business. The specific license requirements vary with the state and even the city where the business is located. Complete control Having only one owner with complete control of the firm eliminates the chance of conflicts during the decision on the menu, the prices, and the salaries paid to employees. Lower Taxes Because the earnings in a proprietorship are considered to be personal income, they may be subject to lower taxes than those imposed on some other forms of business ownership. Total Decision-Making Authority Because the sole proprietor is in total control of the operations, he or she can respond quickly to changes, which is an asset in a rapidly shifting market. The freedom to set the companys course of action is a major motivational force. For those who thrive on the enjoyment of seeking new proprietors thrive on the feeling of control they have over their personal financial futures and the recognition they earn as the owners of their business. Disadvantages of a Sole Proprietorship The Sole Proprietor Incurs All Losses Just as sole proprietors do not have to share the profits, they are unable to share any losses that the firm incurs. For example, assume you invest $10,000 of your funds in a lawn service and borrow an additional $8,000 that you invest in the business. Unfortunately, the revenue is barely sufficient to pay salaries to your employees, and you terminate the firm. You have not only lost all of your $10,000 investment in the firm but also are liable for $8,000 that you borrowed. Since you are the sole proprietor, no other owners are available to help cover the losses. Unlimited Liability A sole proprietor is subject to unlimited liability, which means there is no limit on the debts for which the owner is liable. If a sole proprietors is sued, the sole proprietor is personally liable for an judgment against that firm. Limited Skills A sole proprietor has limited skills and may be unable to control all parts of the business. For example, a sole proprietor may have difficulty running a large medical practice because different types of expertise may be needed. Limited Funds A sole proprietor may have limited funds available to invest in the firm. Thus, sole proprietors have difficulty engaging in airplane manufacturing, shipbuilding, computer manufacturing, and other business that require substantial funds. Sole proprietors have limited funds to support the firms expansion or to absorb temporary losses. A poorly performing firm may improve if given sufficient time. But if this firm cannot obtain additional funds to make up for its losses, it may not be able to continue in business long enough to recover. Partnership A business that is co-owned by two people or more than two people is referred to as a partnership. The co-owners of the business are called partners. The co-owners must register the partnership with the state and may need to apply for an occupation license. About 10 percent of all firms are partnerships. Besides of this, in a general partnership, all partners have unlimited liability. That is, the partners are personally liable for all obligations of the firm. Conversely, in a limited partnership, the firm has some limited partners, or partners whose liability is limited to the cash or property they contributed to the partnerships. Limited partners are only investors in the partnership and do not participate in its management, but because they have invested in the business, they share its profits or losses. A limited partnership has one or more general partners, or partners who manage the business, receive a salary, share the profits or losses of the business, and have unlimited li ability. The earnings distributed to each partners represent personal income and are subject to personal income taxes collect by the IRS. Disadvantages of Partnerships Lack of Continuity If one partner dies, complications arise. Partnership interest is often nontransferable through inheritance because the remaining partner may not want to be in a partnership with the person who inherits the deceased partners interest. Partners can make provisions in the partnership agreement to avoid dissolution due to death if all parties agree to accept as partners those who inherit the deceaseds interest. Control is shared The decision making in a partnership must be shared. If the partners disagree about how the business should be run, business and personal relationships may be destroyed. Some owners of firms do not have the skills to manage a business. Unlimited Liability General partners in a partnership are subject to unlimited liability, just like sole proprietors. Profits Are Shared Any profits that the partnership generates must be shared among all partners. The more partners there are, the smaller the amount of a given level of profits that will be distributed to any individual partner. Conclusion Of my opinion I would like to choose Sole Proprietors, because it is better than Partnerships. Besides that, it is lower taxes because the earnings in a proprietorship are considered to be personal incomes, they may be subject to lower taxes than those imposed on some other forms of business ownership. Other than that, Sole Proprietors make us easy and quickly do decision and making authority. Because the sole proprietor is in total control of the operations, he or she can respond quickly to changes, which is an asset in a rapidly shifting market. The freedom to set the companys course of action is a major motivational force. For those who thrive on the enjoyment of seeking new proprietors thrive on the feeling of control they have over their personal financial futures and the recognition they earn as the owners of their business. Other than that, Sole proprietors is much more better than Partnerships because of Partnerships much more disadvantages then Sole Proprietors. If one par tner dies, complications arise. Partnership interest is often nontransferable through inheritance because the remaining partner may not want to be in a partnership with the person who inherits the deceased partners interest. Partners can make provisions in the partnership agreement to avoid dissolution due to death if all parties agree to accept as partners those who inherit the deceaseds interest.

Looking Backward By Edward Bellamy, And Fahrenheit 451

Have you ever wondered what a perfect world would be like? To you it could mean no more war, no more poverty, every person of every race and gender being treated exactly the same. However, to someone else their idea of a perfect world could be the complete opposite of what you would want. In Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy, and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury the idea of a perfect world is not just an idea anymore, it becomes reality. Nevertheless, both books â€Å"perfect world† are completely different from one another. The theme of both books is to try and find that perfect world, and maintain it. While there are many may differences between the two, the underlying truth still remains the same. In Bellamy’s novel, we start out in the late nineteenth century. Julian West, the main character, was born into an aristocratic family. Just as the rest of his class did, Julian thought of himself to be a higher rated citizen to the rest of the population. Julian had everyth ing, even his fiancà © Edith was an aristocrat, and together they felt as if they could take on the world. The gap between the rich and the poor sometimes affected the rich just as much as it did the poor. The two were to get married as soon as their house was finished, but strikes from the poor construction workers were prolonging that process. Julian had been suffering from insomnia all of his life, so he hired a hypnotist to help him get his sleep. He even went to the extent to build a secret underground chamberShow MoreRelatedLooking Backwards And Fahrenheit 4511221 Words   |  5 PagesEdward Bellamy and Ray Bradbury both expressed their concerns that they had during their two different time periods. Their pieces of literature both reflected on a what-if society based on the current living conditions. Each of the main characters were both guided by people and amazed at what they could find if they broke their norm and put their heads in the mindset of creating or living in a better society. In each of the novels Looking Backwards and Fahrenheit 451, the authors clearly oppose whatRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Vs. Looking Backward1560 Words   |  7 PagesFahrenheit 451 vs. Looking Backward In any society, there are bound to be flaws. In both Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy and Fahrenheit 451 written by Ray Bradbury, major flaws of humanity are highlighted. Both authors discuss many issues we face, and offer ways to improve these issues. Bradbury suggests that society is too conformed, and the government is being hypocritical by telling us to fear a community in which everything is the same while facilitating that very type of place. EveryoneRead MoreEssay The Myopia of Dystopia3805 Words   |  16 Pagesdont deem the modern-day world as the good place(Hermon, Holman) but rather one of the indescribable atrocities of war, disease, hunger etc#8230; A utopian world is a difficult, if not impossible, one to forge. Novels such as Brave New World, Fahrenheit 451, and 1984 are dystopian novels, with often-satirical undertones within their pages. This works are allegories, sardonic depictions of our societies ills. Each work contain strong hard-hitting political messages with common themes such as the fineRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Critical Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Lintang Syuhada 13150024 Book Report 1 Fahrenheit 451 Critical Essay Human beings are naturally curious. We are always in search of better ideas, and new solutions to problems. One of a basic idea of Indonesia has been freedom of thinking and a free flow of ideas. But in some societies, governments try to keep their people ignorant. Usually, this is so governments can keep people under control and hold on to their power. In trying to keep people from the realities of the world, these oppressive

Samsung Electronics Announce Fourth Quarter -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Samsung Electronics Announce Fourth Quarter? Answer: Introduction Bonus and incentives is considered as one of the tool used by the companies for keeping their employees motivate, which in turn helps them provide greater performance (Richard et al, 2013). This also helps in retaining the employees for longer period and attracts greater number of potential candidates for applying in the organisation (Pandey, 2014). However, it is necessary for the organisations to have a clear and equal bonus policy for all its employees to maintain equity in the workplace. However, various organisations fail to uphold their incentive policy that leads to the undesired situation and creates unhealthy workplace environment. This study will review the case of Samsung and their unequal annual incentive distributed among the employees over departments in 2015 from a theoretical viewpoint. The company provides incentives to their employee based on the profit they generate for the organisation. However, the upper limit set for the incentive is capped at 50%. This report w ill identify and explain the limitations the company is facing in HR management and the consequences they are likely to face due to the decision made. These findings will be supported with the theories and recommend probable solution for the case. Case Analysis Samsung is a big brand in the electronics industry that offers a wide range of electronics products to their international customers. The wide range maintained by the organisation makes it necessary for them to maintain a number of divisions. The organisational policies and norms are similarly applicable to all its employees working in various divisions. However, the 2015 unequal incentive distribution case is a failure in the perspective of equality in the policies. The management of Samsung distributed a full range of incentive of 50% to their employees working in mobile division despite of their failure to perform in the financial year, whereas, distributing incentives in accordance to the performance policy followed by the organisation. The officials in Samsung believe they have followed motivational encouragement to the particular division for their hard work they put into the company in the same year and will encourage them to provide greater performance in the upcoming year. H owever, this act can be viewed from a number of perspective and theoretical stance. Motivation and Reward Sajuyigbe, Olaoye and Adeyemi (2013) have identified motivation and rewards as interrelated and inseparable phenomena. The two-factor theory as proposed by Herzberg communicates that the motivation of an employee can be controlled by two primary factors that are motivators and hygiene (Malik Naeem, 2013). Hygiene factors as proposed by Hertzberg are the basic facilities the employer is expected to pay the employees such as basic salary, facilities, job security and working condition. This however, does not directly increase the motivation, but modification in this considerably changes the employees attitude towards their work. Motivators on the other hand are the rewards and incentives that have direct impact on the motivation in the employee. However, this hardly controls the dissatisfaction of the employees. Samsungs act of providing incentive to the underperforming division can partially justified. The incentive provided to the employees will definitely increase the employee motivation as anticipated by the Samsung officials that can be viewed in 2016 sales when compared with the previous year sales (Ghazi, Shahzada Khan, 2013). On the other hand, the benefitted employees might start considering this as the hygiene that might have adverse effect and a total failure of the anticipation. Hence, the investment made during poor profit turnover can be considered as poor decision of the management. Performance Management Expectancy theory as proposed by Victor Vroom on the other hand identifies the individual behavioural adjustment that helps employees to align their personal goals with the goals set by the organisation (Suciu, Mortan Laz?r, 2013). An individual performs according to the goal satisfaction. (Parijat and Bagga, 2014) on the other hand related expectancy with motivation as satisfaction could be replaced by motivation as they can be used interchangeably. These factors help in attaining greater level of performance. Samsungs case of 2015 from this theoretical stance is considered harmful for the organisation, as the goal set by the employees will possibly be reduce and will lose harmony with the organisational goal (Suciu, Mortan Laz?r, 2013). Moreover, the visible discrimination made between the divisions of the organisation will also contribute in reduction of satisfaction level among the other employees and may turn them de-motivated. For, example, the employees from battery division of the company received only 3% incentive despite of their greater performance compared to mobile division. However, the Smartphone division of the company got encouragement that got reflected in the increased market share in 2016 compared to 2015. Employee Turnover and Retention Porter and Lawlers expectancy theory, which is considered as the modified expectancy theory of Vroom identifies the need of employee satisfaction. This theory according to Korzynski (2013) values the effort and performance put by the employees and aims to satisfy the need in accordance to the performance delivered. Agwu (2013) further states that the amount of satisfaction is equal to the amount of reward received for the effort they put in. Samsung in 2015 provided the reward according to the divisional performance, which can be justified using this theory. However, the unequal benefits provided may lead to the perception of less valued. This decreased motivation will increase the rate of turnover in the company and the company will likely to fail in employee retention. Employee Relation Challenges Employee relation theories communicate that employee satisfaction and cooperation is directly related to the relation made between the employee and the employer. As identified in Human Relation Theory by its key proponents mayo, Herzberg, Maslow and McGregor, the focus should be on the employees social and psychological need (Ackers, 2014). This will help building stronger bond between the employees and employer that ultimately results into greater performance and increases efficiency of the work. However, automatic or Subtle Discrimination as stated by Jones et al (2017) is often observed in the organisational setting that leads to subconscious discrimination in the workplace. The case related to Samsungs unequal incentives is a perfect example of this type of discrimination, where the employers goal of motivating particular division may lead to dissatisfaction of the others. This significantly decreases the relationship of the group with the employer. Moreover, the South Korea is the home country of Samsung, which seriously lag regarding the existence of legislative act for controlling discrimination in the workplace (Jones et al, 2017). The country holds no as such legal enforcement for stopping workplace discrimination, which is the primary issue in this case. The country lacks in gender discrimination and workplace discrimination act for safeguarding the interest of the stakeholders. This is another major issue that can be identified in case of Samsung workplace discrimination. Recommendations Samsungs incentive issue that came up in 2015 has various limitations that have been identified above. Though the issues stand separately, they are interrelated and connected through the thread of discrimination. As considered by Wood, Braeken and Niven (2013) prioritising one above all is an act of discrimination that will lead to dissatisfaction of the greater mass. Samsungs case can potentially give birth to the identified issue, which the company needs resolving. Some of the recommendations are stated below: As mentioned, the Vrooms expectancy theory identifies the level of satisfaction in terms of value. The employee performance according to the theory will only rise if they are identified and valued. Reward and incentive policy is one way of communicating value for the job well done by the employees. Hence, the company definitely needs a transparent incentive policy, which will be equally applicable for all their divisions. This will help in maintaining the fare act in the organisation that is successful in satisfying the employee expectation. Moreover, the Samsung should also seek for other appreciation methods that will satisfy the expectations and value their effort. For instance, as proposed by Karim and Arif-Uz-Zaman (2013), constant feedback system is beneficial for an organisation, which will regularly track and update the employees about their performance and appreciate the effort put in the system. This can prove beneficial for Samsung in terms of valuing employees effort and will help in motivating the employees for providing optimum performance in their workplace. Moreover, as the level of satisfaction directly indicates the chances of employee retention and turnover. This will help Samsung retaining their employees for longer period avoiding high rate of employee turnover as expected from the case scenario. As the level of satisfaction is identified by the amount of reward received, hence, this is necessary for Samsung for proper identification of the effort put as recommended earlier (Gialuisi Coetzer, 2013). However, it is being recommended to have a strong set of rules defending the policies, which has to be equal for all the divisions. Hence, it can be recommended to Samsung to revise their rules and regulations within the organisation, avoidance of which will call for significant action for the offender. This should be valid in the managerial level, which will make them take decision accordingly for treating every division with equality. As mentioned, the case of Samsung is an evidence of subtle discrimination, which is an accidental discrimination in the divisions. Keeping one happy sometimes leads to dissatisfaction of the greater mass. This has adverse impact on the employee relation and disturbs the communication within the organisation. As identified by Carter et al, (2013), transformational leadership has the capability to improve employee relationship as it treats every employee equal and is successful in motivating its employees. Hence, the employee relationship challenge that is being faced by the organisation can easily be resolved using the transformational leadership style. This will not only help in motivating the employees, but also provide equal treatment and inspiration the employees that will create healthy environment within the organisation as necessary in Samsung. Another recommendation can be made for both motivating and retaining the employees is to provide growth opportunity. The company should provide a greater growth opportunity to their employees based on transparent performance matrix. As according to Jenter and Kanaan (2015), it has the potential to successfully motivate the employees and reduce employee turnover as expected from the case. Growth opportunity satisfies various level of need that is proposed in Maslows motivational theory, especially the need of security and esteem need. Moreover, this also has the ability to supplement in performance management and significantly raise the performance provided by the employees over different divisions of Samsung. Conclusion It is possible to draw conclusion form the above discussion that the step taken by the Samsung in their incentive policy was wrong form the ethical stance. This communicated discrimination in the workplace and supplemented in polluting the environment. The case occurred in Samsung will positively de-motivate the employees from the other departments that generated greater profit for the company. As identified in the report will degrade the performance quality of the employees belonging from other departments, which received lesser incentive despite of the greater production provided. The report also identified that discrimination among the employees will alter the relation and reduce the chances of employee retention. However, the company can still manage their employees and encourage them for providing greater performance in upcoming years by following the recommendations made in the report. Last by not the least, as recommended, change in leadership is necessary before implementing the policies due to the need of employee relation. However, the recommendations made have to be transparent and maintain equity for all its employees for having greater impact. References Ackers, P. (2014). Rethinking the employment relationship: a neo-pluralist critique of British industrial relations orthodoxy.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(18), 2608-2625. Agwu, M. O. (2013). Impact of fair reward system on employees? job performance in Nigerian Agip Oil Company Limited, Port Harcourt.British Journal of Education, Society and Behavioral Science,3(1), 47-64. androidauthority.com. (2018).Galaxy S7 fails to edge past the iPhone, but Samsung regains US top spot. [online] Available at: https://www.androidauthority.com/iphone-6s-outsells-galaxy-s7-us-715328/ [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018]. Carter, M. Z., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., Mossholder, K. W. (2013). Transformational leadership, relationship quality, and employee performance during continuous incremental organizational change.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(7), 942-958. Ghazi, S. R., Shahzada, G., Khan, M. S. (2013). Resurrecting Herzbergs two factor theory: An implication to the university teachers.Journal of educational and social research,3(2), 445. Gialuisi, O., Coetzer, A. (2013). An exploratory investigation into voluntary employee turnover and retention in small businesses.Small Enterprise Research,20(1), 55-68. Jenter, D., Kanaan, F. (2015). CEO turnover and relative performance evaluation.The Journal of Finance,70(5), 2155-2184. Jones, K. P., Arena, D. F., Nittrouer, C. L., Alonso, N. M., Lindsey, A. P. (2017). Subtle discrimination in the workplace: A vicious cycle.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,10(1), 51-76. Karim, A., Arif-Uz-Zaman, K. (2013). A methodology for effective implementation of lean strategies and its performance evaluation in manufacturing organizations.Business Process Management Journal,19(1), 169-196. Korzynski, P. (2013). Employee Motivation In New Working Environment.International journal of academic research,5(5). Malik, M. E., Naeem, B. (2013). Towards understanding controversy on Herzberg theory of motivation.World Applied Sciences Journal,24(8), 1031-1036. news.samsung.com. (2018).Samsung Electronics Announces Fourth Quarter and FY 2016 Results. [online] Available at: https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-fourth-quarter-and-fy-2016-results [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].Pandey, P. (2014). Employee motivation and retention-key to organisational performance-in Indian perspective.International Journal of Marketing and Technology,4(4), 144. Parijat, P., Bagga, S. (2014). Victor Vrooms expectancy theory of motivationAn evaluation.International Research Journal of Business and Management (IRJBM),7(9), 1-8. Richard, J. M., Castro, D. C., DiFeliceantonio, A. G., Robinson, M. J., Berridge, K. C. (2013). Mapping brain circuits of reward and motivation: in the footsteps of Ann Kelley.Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews,37(9), 1919-1931. Sajuyigbe, A. S., Olaoye, B. O., Adeyemi, M. A. (2013). Impact of Reward on Employees Performance in a selected Manufacturing Companies in Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria.International Journal of Arts and Commerce,2(2), 27-32. Suciu, L. E., Mortan, M., Laz?r, L. (2013). Vroom's expectancy theory. An empirical study: Civil servant's performance appraisal influencing expectancy.Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences,9(39), 180-200. Wood, S., Braeken, J., Niven, K. (2013). Discrimination and well-being in organizations: Testing the differential power and organizational justice theories of workplace aggression.Journal of business ethics,115(3), 617-634.

Umar Faruq Abdallahs and Tariq Ramadans views on the relationship between culture and religion in Islam Essay Example

Umar Faruq Abdallahs and Tariq Ramadans views on the relationship between culture and religion in Islam Essay One of the misconceptions in the Occidental discourse on Islam is that the latter is a monolithic entity. Islam has spread far and wide across the planet. It has a significant presence from China in the East to Spain and Northern Africa toward the West. And through this broad range, there is considerable diversity and variety in the expression of the religion. While maintaining the core principles of Islamic law and jurisprudence, each region has assimilated its own local flavor into Islamic practice. Islam not only moves along the cultural scale but also along the temporal one. In the 13 centuries of its existence, the religion has accommodated itself reasonably well with changing Zeitgeist (with a few exceptions). Author Umar Faruq Abd-Allah and Tariq Ramadan state this truth in their respective articles. In a way, they are reiterating Edward Said’s concept of Orientalism, whereby the East is seen as the eternal ‘other’ to the more progressive and liberal Wester n civilization. In any given context, culture is the dominant social paradigm compared to religion. But this fact is often suppressed or overlooked in Western scholarships on Islam, probably because its suits their political purposes. In the post-colonial world, especially, the process of cultural diversification within Islam has accelerated, giving rise to new identities and definitions. A case in point is the relatively smooth assimilation of Muslims from Indian subcontinent into mainstream British society, as shown by the recognition and popularity of novelists Salman Rushdie, Hanif Kureishi, etc. It then follows that while religion offers solutions for universal concerns of human existence, culture gives it the necessary context and serves as the substrate for its operation. Hence, there is no inherent conflict between the two entities. More importantly, as both authors seem to suggest, a critical analysis of Islam the religion divorced from its cultural underpinnings is not only intellectually lazy but also potentially dangerous. We will write a custom essay sample on Umar Faruq Abdallahs and Tariq Ramadans views on the relationship between culture and religion in Islam specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Umar Faruq Abdallahs and Tariq Ramadans views on the relationship between culture and religion in Islam specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Umar Faruq Abdallahs and Tariq Ramadans views on the relationship between culture and religion in Islam specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The major cultural challenges facing a global enterprise is understanding and adapting to local business customs and norms. In the Real World Case we saw how business in Africa tends to go on at a leisurely pace – a practice that undermines the principles of efficiency and expediency that multi-national enterprises thrive on. Understanding cultural sensibilities and adapting to them requires an open-mind and a flexible management approach. This can prove quite challenging if the top management is too engrained in their B-school trained approach. Often government bureaucracy or red tape can hinder expedient project execution. Red-tape can thus be considered both a cultural and political issue. Another political issue is the state of development. As emerging economies are mostly from the Third World, the available infrastructure can be quite rudimentary. This is a geo-economic challenge, for a majority of the population might be IT illiterate, as reflected in minimal usage of .

Alternatives to Using Said When Quoting a Source

Alternatives to Using Said When Quoting a Source Alternatives to Using Said When Quoting a Source When discussing the arguments of other thinkers, as we often have to do when writing a paper, you might find yourself writing so and so says quite often. While this is good enough most of the time, you may also want to vary your word choice. Moreover, in academic writing, says or said might not fully communicate what you intend. It may therefore be better to use a more precise alternative. Alternatives to Said There are plenty of synonyms for said that can be used in academic writing. For instance, if we imagine quoting an author called Johnson, instead of Johnson says that, we could write: States (Johnson states that the results are consistent with past studies) Asserts (Johnson asserts that the technique is flawed) Argues (Johnson argues that the test should be revised) Claims (Johnson claims that the conclusion is valid) Believes (Johnson believes that modern science should be trusted) However, it should be noted that most of these words are more specific than said. As such, youll need to check that the word you pick fits the situation. Saying that Johnson argues such and such, for instance, only makes sense if you are quoting an argument. As such, it wouldnt make sense to say Johnson argues that his favorite ice-cream is vanilla, since this is an opinion, not an argument. Likewise, some terms have connotations that you need to understand before you use them. The word alleges, for instance, can be a synonym for says, but it implies that the claim is unproven, controversial or doubtful. It therefore has quite a specific use. Nor should you avoid using the word says in your work. Its simply a case of being aware of how often you use particular terms and trying to find a suitable alternative if you are using any single term (including said) too much.

Air and Sea Travel Case Study

During April, the business provided travel services for clients. It is now April 30, and investors wonder how well Air Sea Travel performed during its first month. They also want to know the company’s financial position at the end of April and its cash flows during the month. The following data is listed in alphabetical order. Prepare the Air Sea Travel financial statements at end of April 20X6. Accounts payable |$100 |Land |$18,000 | |Accounts receivable |2,000 |Office supplies |500 | |Adjustments to reconcile net | |Payments of cash: | | | income to net cash provided | | Acquisition of land |40,000 | | by operating activities |(2,400) | Dividends |2,100 | |Cash balance at the beginning of April |0 |Rent expense |1,100 | |Cash balance at the end of April |33,300 |Retained earnings at the beginning of April | | | | | |0 | |Cash receipts: | |Retained earnings at the end of April |? | | Issuance stock |50,000 |Salary expense | 1200 | | Sale of land |22,000 |Service revenue |8,500 | |Common stock |50,000 |Utilities xpense |400 | |Dividends |2,100 | | | 1. Prepare the income statement, the statement of retained earnings, the statement of cash flows for the month ended April 30, 20X6, and the balance sheet at April 30, 20X6. 2. Answer the following questions: a. How well did Air Sea Travel perform during its first month of operations? b. Where does Air Sea Travel stand financially at the end of April? ASSETSLIABILITIES Cash33,300Account payable100 Account receivable2,000Land 18,000 Insurance stock50,000Office supplies500 Sale of land 22,000Payment of cash Common stock50,000 Acquisition of land40,000 Dividends2,100 Dividends2,100 Service revenue8,500Rent expense1,100 Salary expense1,200 Utilities expense400 Adjustment to reconcile 2,400 net income to net cash provided by operating activities 1. |Air Sea Travel Inc. | |Income Statement | |April 30, 20X6 | |Revenues |8,500 | |Expenses |2,700 | |Rent expense 1,100 | |Salary expense |1200 | |Utilities expense |400 | |Net income |5,800 | |Air Sea Travel Inc. | |Statement of Retained Earnings | |April 30, 20X6 | | | | |Beginning of Retained Earnings |0 | |Net income |5,800 | |Cash dividends |(2,100) | |Ending Retained Earnings |3,700 | |Air Sea Travel Inc. |Balance Sheet | |April 30, 20X6 | | | | |Assets | | |Cash |33,300 | |All other assets |20,500 | |Land |18,000 | |Office supplies |500 | |Account receivable |2,000 | |Total assets |53,800 | |Liabilities | | |Acount Payable |100 | |Total liabilities |100 | |Stockholder’s equity | | |Common stock |50,000 | |Retained earnings |3,700 | |All other equity |0 | |Total liabilities and stockholder’s equity |53,800 | |Air Sea Travel Inc. |Statement of Cash Flows | |April 30, 20X6 | |Net cash provided by operating activities | |3,400 | |Net income |5,800 | | |Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |(2,400) | | |Net cash used for investing activities | |(18,000) | | Sale of land |22,000 | | |Acquisition of land |(40,000) | | |Net cash provided by financing activities | |47,900 | |Issuance stock |50,000 | | |Dividends |(2,100) | | |Net change in cash | | 33,300 | |Beginning cash balance | |0 | |Ending cash balance | | 33,300 | 2. a) They performed very well, since they got profit in the end of the month. They do not pay too much salary and they don’t have too many depts. To be a financially well-managed company, it must generate profit, meaning there is more money coming in than going out. This looks to be well managed company since there is a lot of profit in the end of the month. Income Statement, Statement of Retained Earnings, Balance Sheet and Statement of Cash Flows are all on the plus side. Nothing seems to be out of order. b) They have 33,300 retained earnings at the end of April, which means a good profit. Air and Sea Travel Case Study During April, the business provided travel services for clients. It is now April 30, and investors wonder how well Air Sea Travel performed during its first month. They also want to know the company’s financial position at the end of April and its cash flows during the month. The following data is listed in alphabetical order. Prepare the Air Sea Travel financial statements at end of April 20X6. Accounts payable |$100 |Land |$18,000 | |Accounts receivable |2,000 |Office supplies |500 | |Adjustments to reconcile net | |Payments of cash: | | | income to net cash provided | | Acquisition of land |40,000 | | by operating activities |(2,400) | Dividends |2,100 | |Cash balance at the beginning of April |0 |Rent expense |1,100 | |Cash balance at the end of April |33,300 |Retained earnings at the beginning of April | | | | | |0 | |Cash receipts: | |Retained earnings at the end of April |? | | Issuance stock |50,000 |Salary expense | 1200 | | Sale of land |22,000 |Service revenue |8,500 | |Common stock |50,000 |Utilities xpense |400 | |Dividends |2,100 | | | 1. Prepare the income statement, the statement of retained earnings, the statement of cash flows for the month ended April 30, 20X6, and the balance sheet at April 30, 20X6. 2. Answer the following questions: a. How well did Air Sea Travel perform during its first month of operations? b. Where does Air Sea Travel stand financially at the end of April? ASSETSLIABILITIES Cash33,300Account payable100 Account receivable2,000Land 18,000 Insurance stock50,000Office supplies500 Sale of land 22,000Payment of cash Common stock50,000 Acquisition of land40,000 Dividends2,100 Dividends2,100 Service revenue8,500Rent expense1,100 Salary expense1,200 Utilities expense400 Adjustment to reconcile 2,400 net income to net cash provided by operating activities 1. |Air Sea Travel Inc. | |Income Statement | |April 30, 20X6 | |Revenues |8,500 | |Expenses |2,700 | |Rent expense 1,100 | |Salary expense |1200 | |Utilities expense |400 | |Net income |5,800 | |Air Sea Travel Inc. | |Statement of Retained Earnings | |April 30, 20X6 | | | | |Beginning of Retained Earnings |0 | |Net income |5,800 | |Cash dividends |(2,100) | |Ending Retained Earnings |3,700 | |Air Sea Travel Inc. |Balance Sheet | |April 30, 20X6 | | | | |Assets | | |Cash |33,300 | |All other assets |20,500 | |Land |18,000 | |Office supplies |500 | |Account receivable |2,000 | |Total assets |53,800 | |Liabilities | | |Acount Payable |100 | |Total liabilities |100 | |Stockholder’s equity | | |Common stock |50,000 | |Retained earnings |3,700 | |All other equity |0 | |Total liabilities and stockholder’s equity |53,800 | |Air Sea Travel Inc. |Statement of Cash Flows | |April 30, 20X6 | |Net cash provided by operating activities | |3,400 | |Net income |5,800 | | |Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |(2,400) | | |Net cash used for investing activities | |(18,000) | | Sale of land |22,000 | | |Acquisition of land |(40,000) | | |Net cash provided by financing activities | |47,900 | |Issuance stock |50,000 | | |Dividends |(2,100) | | |Net change in cash | | 33,300 | |Beginning cash balance | |0 | |Ending cash balance | | 33,300 | 2. a) They performed very well, since they got profit in the end of the month. They do not pay too much salary and they don’t have too many depts. To be a financially well-managed company, it must generate profit, meaning there is more money coming in than going out. This looks to be well managed company since there is a lot of profit in the end of the month. Income Statement, Statement of Retained Earnings, Balance Sheet and Statement of Cash Flows are all on the plus side. Nothing seems to be out of order. b) They have 33,300 retained earnings at the end of April, which means a good profit.

Molecular diagnosis of Neonatal mellitus Research Paper

Molecular diagnosis of Neonatal mellitus - Research Paper Example Therefore, the adoption of whole exome sequencing (WES) for diagnosis of NDM at molecular level provided a remedy in general management of NDM as asserted by Bonnefond et al (2010).  Molecular diagnosis of NDM has had several achievements such as it permitted a more rapid and cost-effective diagnosis problems. The analysis of patients with monogenic forms of diabetes is now very fast since the use of molecular diagnosis makes it possible of analysing many diabetes genes simultaneously (Bonnefond et al, 2010).   Molecular diagnosis is applicable where the use of sanger-based sequencing was inefficient. Most importantly, the use of whole exome sequencing for molecular diagnosis is an exceptional tool for further genetic research. In addition, WES is important in further identification of new casual mutations (Ylikallio et al, 2014). For example, the use of WES has identified a new mutation of ABCC8. Therefore, this technology is more comprehensive, cheaper and less labour intensive as compared to other standard sequencing protocols.The Molecular Diagnosis of NDA  Studies show that almost half of NDM cases are transient (TNDM) while the other forms are permanent (PNDM) (Carroll, Brilhante, and Suomalainen, 2014). The several cases of both the forms of NDM that were attend to since the adoption of WES use shows that, majority of all the cases handled had TNDM form. This form had abnormality in chromosome 6q24 and a diagnosis on the frequent cause of NDM shows there is mutation in the pancreatic beta cells.

Business of Ford Pinto Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business of Ford Pinto - Essay Example For advocates of utilitarian ethics, an ethical doctrine that states that the decision or course of action that will yield the highest benefit (or utility) is the best and most morally upright, on the other hand, the continued production of Ford Pinto after knowing that it has a major safety flaw is unjustifiable. First looking at the benefit or the utility that Ford, itself, will receive out of releasing Pinto in the market, utilitarians may argue that production of this product knowing that it has a vital defect is itself unjustifiable. There is no good reason why Ford will endanger its reputation to the public. Though they may reap benefits in terms of profit in the short run, still it will not compensate the loss of trust that their risky move will engender. This marred reputation most probably will result in lower sales in the future. In terms of its responsibility to the society, Ford’s move for utilitarians is irresponsible and unacceptable. Though it may have computed the cost that they may incur once there compensate casualties because of their product, still that does not justify the loss of a human life because of their negligence and irresponsibility. In terms of computing financial costs, a human life and moral damages are incomparable to the figures that they released. Ford also know even before the launching of the car that additional parts and equipment might have saved the lives of their customers, yet still, they commenced the production without adding it.

The Visual Culture Essay -- Technology Internet Essays

The Visual Culture Over the past few decades, enhancements in the visual fields have greatly improved, giving weight on the importance of visual material in text. Something that is more visually stimulating can usually make a text more convincing or credible. The term â€Å"seeing is believing† proves this fact. As humans, we tend to believe something if we can actually see it, which is why Jay David Bolter has referred to this phenomenon of the changed role of text and graphics as the â€Å"visual culture† in his book Writing Space. â€Å"Mere words no longer seemed adequate; they had to share their space with images.† (Bolter, 69). As Bolter describes the visual culture that we are immersed in, in this day and age, he discusses various terms and components of this idea of the changed role of graphics and pictures. The idea is that a visual and a text are complementary to each other, however can coexist together or separately to interpret the same thing. â€Å"The main point is that the relationship between word and image is becoming increasingly unstable, and this instability is especially apparent in popular American magazines, newspapers, and various forms of graphic advertisements† (Bolter, 49), he says. An interesting idea that was brought up by Bolter is that of â€Å"picture writing,† which is the idea that the signs, symbols, pictures and stylized images comprise their own language allowing no language barriers. Even though the writer and reader many use words to interpret the picture, different people could interpret and explain the same message in different words and people who speak different languages can share the same system of picture writing. Since the Internet is such a visual space,... ...es using the images as a way of â€Å"enhancing and conveying meaning.† It’s really interesting to see the changes that technology has come to. The advancements in technology in just the past decade have been astounding. It’s hard to think that there really was life without high-speed Internet, e-mail, and AOL Instant Messenger. However, not only have there been so many advancements in technology, but also with it came advancements in the visual field, in that our culture and society became so much more driven with such a visual drive. Works Cited: Bolter, J.D. (2001). Writing Space: Computers, Hypertext, and the Remediation of Print. London, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. KAIROS: 7.2. Zeliner, M.â€Å"New Media and the Slow Death of the Written Word† http://english.ttu.edu/kairos/7.2/binder.html?sectionone/zeltner/NM. (March, 2004).

Soc 3116 Notes

* June 7 * * ***We had our midterm this day; took a few notes but, don’t have it (not really important). You should have it somewhere if so, send it to me! June 14st, 2012 â€Å"The World According to Google† film notes * Google Algorithm is the most piece of valuable intellectual property in the world. * They were accused of favouring search results in favour of their sponsors * By digitizing, we will have to selectively pick what to keep. There is just too much. Long term unanticipated consequences will be the loss of libraries and archives that will be expensive in the future and have limited access. Google claimed that they weren't going to charge for digitized books, but in the future it isn't guaranteed. * Focused on the emergence of Google at a time that certainly appeared to advancing, and not willing to share that technology and not participate in the alliance to digitize books in a manner that would be public versus proprietary. * The distinction between the n atural results in Google search versus the sponsored result. In the video, it was talked about as something new that Google was doing and still does increasingly. The description of what Google was going is that the sponsored links were not entirely based on how much the company was paying to have their link there at the top * The example used in the video is the furnisher maker working independently to advertise what Google was making competing with IKEA, but rank order of independent furniture could appear above IKEA if more people were entering that link. * In 2011, there were allegations that the Google algorithm was biased and that results were not coming up based on popularity. Google denied these allegations. Google was making a claim that they were neutral, without affecting the content of the information. * It ought to raise some questions on our end, that media plays a significant role in what and how issues are represented. * Public and private spheres is highlighted in t he video. Hamermas and the role of the media in that context. The question arises about what the nature of the information is that Google has and provides with respect to it being reflective of the public or private enterprise. * Google makes the money from advertising, just like traditional media. Google makes audiences.Google books would be free because they would attract the audience to books and they would be exposed to advertising. The fact that Google provides this information for free to users of Google in no way means that Google will always provide it for free. * Private companies can be very benevolent when they’re making money. When companies are making money, they can do all sorts of things. But that changes when companies for whatever reason stop being very popular. It starts to be a concern. * Issue that arises is whether material digitized by Google will always be in the public sphere. * Another issue is a little more significant.It relates to Google’s i ntent to organize all the information in the world. The projected timeline to get this done is 200 years. * We all choose Google and get the information from Google despite the fact that we can go get them from somewhere else. * If we all choose to use Google and we all end up getting the same result because it’s the same one we all click on the most, we will all be getting the same information and whatever we ask, we will think there is a consensus on this point, simply because we’ve all opted to do the same thing and come to the same conclusion and not realize that we’ve done. The appearance of a consensus emerges because we’ve chosen to use Google and clicked on the second or third result. * We are trying to understand the consequences of ICTs in our society. Mobile Media * ICTs stands for: Information and Communication Technology * Technology is an: Applied Art * The Internet represents the emergence of the modern ICT. * ICTs have a premodern definiti on. The first ICT is the printing press. * The emergence of the modern ICT: * Communication * Printing press (1440) * Telegraph (1800s) * Telephone (parallel to telegraph), electronic exchange switch, mobile phone. Information * Printing press (1440) * Radio (1900s) * TV (1950s) **All 3 are considered traditional media. * It represents an ICT in that it combined the 2 functions of information and communication in a primitive form. * Then we find the emergence of the electronic ICT in the telegraph in the early 1800s. It’s in this context that the telegraph represents an innovation as it relates to communication, and enabling for the first time what we refer to as generally real time (instantaneous) relatively two way communication. The evolution of these technologies evolve further in an informational context with the advent of radio, commercial radio, the information here being one way communication, but wireless one way communication. Following that fairly within a few deca des is television. Same time, parallel in this context, focused on the communication aspect is the emergence of the telephone and the electronic exchange switch. * The intersection between both (communication and information) represents the modernized ICT that is embodied largely by the INTERNET.It is those not entirely distinct functions that emerge from information in ICT and communication in ICT, the convergence of everything that is happening in those 2 spheres as those technologies evolved. Communication is taking place in real time, which is a characteristic that emerges with the telegraph. The characteristic that space (geography) no longer matters. It is in real time and relatively instantaneous. * We also see in the Internet what emerges in mass media, it is infinitely scalable. Radio being the form that you can broadcast the signal to as many people as you want, the only condition is that there is a receiver at the end.The Internet is the same. We see one of the greatest i nnovations that we didn’t have here which is that anything that happens here has the potential to be two way instead of one way communication. As is consistent with all ICTs is that communication is ALWAYS mediated. The introduction of the electronic exchange switch is that the intermediary is no longer human. The mediator is technological, no longer human. * The other dimension that comes up is mobility. And mobility is what’s new in this context and the question of the extent to which this relates to the internet is an open question but certainly in this point is time they are inked. * Mobility is an emerging focus that has some consequences. It is the innovation that builds upon that intersection whereby users of this technology can interact, communicate, in a two way dialogue, in real time, and on the move (not stationary, tied in a landline or computer). * Fluent Smith says that arising from the fact that technologies are mobile, they are the technologies that you must use most often, not because they are the best technology for this application but because it is the technology you have at hand. Example is phones with cameras on them.It’s not that mobile phone takes good pictures that makes it a good camera, it is the fact that you have your phone with you that makes it a very popular camera. * Cameras in our phone are getting better but they are not the best. â€Å"the best camera you have is the camera you have with you. † Technologies used because they are with us. * The other example relates to watches. Instead of using a watch, you use your phone. * The issue of mobility brings on some other technological consequences or conditions or parameters that relate to the wireless spectrum that this technology relies upon.The spectrum that enables us to be mobile and to communicate in a wireless manner. * When we communicate in a wireless manner, we rely on various frequencies and this has emerged in an extremely lucrative market. There isn’t an unlimited spectrum. * This emerging market relates to the mobility of the new element that started with the cellphone. * Started with modern ICT, which started with the Internet. * One of the issues is how much spectrum does the BB and iPhone use? The BB is superior since it has a far narrow spectrum, which means it is more efficient. The electromagnetic spectrum is a shared and finite resource. You cannot just keep going further on the radio whether you are listening to whatever, you cannot keep going to 110 111, because that spectrum is for something else. * With respect to mobility, we also get a number of other innovations that arise in the context of mobility and technologies that support mobility. We think of it as our ability to communicate information in relation to ourselves, but there is also the ability of the technologies we use to communicate amongst one another and track certain information.One of those contexts relates to the radio frequency ide ntification chips sensitive to particular signals and able to communicate to their location. One of those chips might be fixed to products that are being shipped by train so that the owner of the product can see and track where that product is. * Machine to machine communication arises in the context of intellectual property and it comes up like this. We talk about the Internet as being this great innovation that relates to our ability to access information that was previously inaccessible and we see the great potential this has.We also see a problem arising because of ownership of information. This issue arises from all sorts of intellectual property (example: downloading music). * What happens now is that if previously you went to a concert and they told you not to bring a camera and suddenly everyone has camera and all sorts of devices and you take pictures with your phone. There is an inherent conflict because the producers want to reserve the rights of the concert. * Increasing ly, this ability to communicate will have an effect of what we do and do not do with our technology. The effort to regulate and penalize people who infringe copyrights is becoming more difficult. * The ability of technology on being on site in the concert to tell your camera phone that this behaviour is prohibited, but for $5. 99 you can. It is that ability to interface with the technology while mobile and control the freedom inherent in the technology that often we associate with proprietary rights. * That is one dimension that is right around the corner. Another one relates to police who are concerned with people taking pictures of them shooting people in the head or kicking someone.They have a kind of chip where if you take a picture with your phone, it will say that this action is prohibited. * The use of the technology was part of the communication that citizens could take advantage of in Egypt and seek international support to avoid civil war and even worse. The ability to wha t is thought of as liberating technology to be constrained and limited just because it is thought of as being liberated. * June 21th- * The focus of Smith relates to social networks and network in new media as opposed to old media. * Social networking is not supposed to be just social.There are also other forms of networking that are not really commonly referred to. They are not just social in orientation. * We want to consider the capacity of networking that the Internet presents. What are the impacts in the longer term? The references to this historic emergence of the telegraph is intentional and instructive; The changes were dramatic as a result of the telegraph. * In the context of the telephone – suddenly anyone could call anyone else. It was a change of the social convention. Prior to the invention of the switch, there was always a human intermediary.That intermediary had the capacity to control or regulate who got to talk to whom. There were protocols, staff that you h ad to get thru if you wanted to talk to someone. * The implications of the telephone were significant. The age of the Internet is also significant. Our ability to talk to others is no longer on the premise that there are some people that I can and can’t talk to. We are being contacted by all sorts of people. It is a very profound flipside to a regulated context. Ex. The spam that we get that we often filter out.Our challenge of the age of Internet is trying to regulate and manage this huge amount of communication that is now going everywhere and that is difficult and sometimes threatening. * Social stratification – different classes of people interact with one another. Some have more privilege and powers over others. In the context of the Internet, those distinctions are no longer relevant. * We spend energy, money, and resources to try to manage those efforts to receive or prevent information. * When we talk about social networks, they are very different from the age of the telegraph.One of the distinctions is this distinction between a social network and a social group. * A social group – it is more exclusive and you know all the members of the group * Social network – it grows very rapidly; you don’t really know everybody. These people may be people who are mutual friends. * In some cases, we see networks as friends (on Facebook). We can be certain that they don’t really know the majority of these ‘friends. ’ * Behind the idea of social networking is social capital – some people have richer social networks than others.They sometimes represent nodes in a network. This is by affiliation with these people as they interact with these nodes; this becomes more relevant in the context of modern social networking. * Someone like Bin Laden was able to exert such great influence over the world in part by relying upon new and old social networking as a basis of communicating a message. Bin Laden was able to disseminate messages widely that would build support, the ability to capture global attention using these technologies, and used a horizontal and decentralized network.Bin Laden represents a node – lots of social capital. This example highlights the significance of networks as something defining in our generation. * The Internet was seen as the antidote for some of the problems that was created. It was the solution. The potential of the Internet is great. Factors that enabled ICTs (how the Internet changes the game) BOOK 1. Peer to peer 2. There is a wide range of global sources – no longer limited to watching the news on CBC, or reading the NY times. We now have access to a lot of information from around the world 3.Lack of regulation a decision that was made that the policy of the Internet would be without intervening. Lack of regulation of CONTENT (carriage and content) how we get information vs. the information we receive 4. Unconstrained by geography 5. Challenge official position – who gets to have a say 6. Filtered The reality is that there is tremendous potential that we need to take advantage of. What is it that is different in the current context vs. 20 years ago. Facebook Follies Video Notes * Main task of Facebook – create audiences FB does not actually make anything. They provide a platform for us to give stuff to them. ‘user generated content’ – web 2. 0 enabled non-techy type people to actually put stuff on the Internet. * Smith talked about social production and the rise of models of info and cultural production – it becomes relevant to start thinking what these platforms relate to. They relate to information (likes/dislikes, clear picture of our networks, etc. ) * FB operates in a manner that when we upload info on our FB account, that they own the pictures that you put on their website.We generate the content, but the economic benefits flow to someone else. * Traditional media were conce ived as being displaced by the Internet – we have also seen that some of the potential that is embedded in the same major corporations – they have accelerated the flow of traditional media content across a variety of delivery channels. * We have seen that traditional media find their place within this new environment and reestablish the role that they had previously in the context of the internet.The question is has the emergence of the Internet translated a new awareness to its users. Are we smarter than before? June 28th, 2012 Digital Nation Film Notes * Multitasking is effecting grades * Brain cannot do two things at the same time- classic psychology states this * Study: slower when you are switching then doing one task at a time * Multitasking destroys are creativity * Spend 50 hours a week with digital media- more then a full work week * Their needs to be more research on the effects of the internet; why lack of research?Technology becomes obsolete * Korean gaming craze; Some people have died from this craze * There is an internet addiction – Korea treats it has psychiatric condition * Korean kids taught to go online the same time as they read- learn how to use a computer responsibility * Korea has a top down approach * Education requires different things then they did before – building things, communicating and problem solving * Instant gratification education- you cannot pursue one linear thought; Teachers cannot assign a novel * 6% of students are prepared literally Basic skills are worse today * Big ideas are not carried through- small bursts of ideas are carried through; Paragraphs do not connect with one another * Learning stays the same; we just need new ways of teaching * Distraction is not a new issue- so it is not the internet * Distraction is a problem we have coped with and as culture learned how to adapt to it- better to explore then not embrace * Second life write the rules of communication * Alienation is being s olved by more technology says second life company;Believes technology bring us back together; We are alone out on the internet together * We can still meet people in the comforts of our house- replaces meetings with virtual meeting * Immersive environment is more human and engaging then actual meeting * Virtual reality feels real; Real and virtual becoming blurred- feeling sick or full from fake eating; If it looks real brain tells us its real * Exposure to virtual reality carried to face to face real interaction * Swimming whales experiment- believe that they swam with whales if they see themselves in virtual reality but in reality didn’t * Virtual reality therapy Games used a recruitment tactic July 5th, 2012 (week 10) Knowledge Economy * Refers to a period that we are in right now. It is a period of time where a number of things have come together; buying and selling of knowledge * We have a large amount of information at our disposal (speed + volume). * We are an economy based on ‘knowledge’. It’s not really about knowledge but more about information. * The information/knowledge is more global because it comes from different sources around the world. All of these are factors that have been enabled as a result of the computer, coupled with the evolution of that technology. * The knowledge society is defined by the commodification of information. * A commodity is something that has value in the market place. * What typifies the knowledge society is the regulation of information. * It is the fact that when something becomes a commodity, it becomes proprietary. This means that someone owns it and this means that others do not own it. This is the antithesis of free-flowing information. * The nature of information has changed in this era.Information as a Commodity is 1) Inconsumable – Not consumed by its use. 2) Untransferable – You can sell the information and still have the information. 3) Indivisible – Informati on must be transferred as a whole entity to have meaning. Ex. You can sell half a barrel of oil and it would be fine. 4) Accumulative – The addition of more information is more than the sum of its parts. As you add layers to information, you add value to that information. (Information needs to be relevant and accurate. ) * These four factors are unique to information as a commodity.You couple it with facets such as speed and volume, and by extension the accessibility of information around the world has created some problems when the information is proprietary. When I own the information, I need to safeguard this information. Legal Protection in Place to Safeguard Intellectual Property Copyright The exclusive right to make copies, license, and otherwise exploit a literary, musical, or artistic work, whether printed, audio, video, etc. Patent The exclusive right granted by a government to an inventor to manufacture, use, or sell an invention for a certain number of years.Tradem ark Any name, symbol, figure, letter, word, or mark  adopted and used by a manufacturer or merchant in order to designate his or her goods and to distinguish them from those manufactured or sold by others. A trademark is a proprietary term that is usually registered with the Patent and Trademark Office to assure its exclusive use by its owner. License Agreements The right to use software in certain contexts for certain purposes. It’s not an absolute right. The ownership of that software still resides with the creator such as Microsoft, IBM, etc. Chaos Wisdom Continuum Amout of ProcessingPotential Utility * What is the difference between information and knowledge? You can sell information unlike knowledge. * Knowledge = information + experience * Wisdom = Knowledge OVER Time * Internet is on the lower half of the continuum (information, data, and chaos). * We cannot find knowledge and wisdom on the Internet. * We are reliant on the Internet because we believe that is all tha t is out there. * We need to look beyond to find knowledge and wisdom. Internet should be the starting point towards knowledge and wisdom. * There is the fear of loosing all of this information.Example: sailing practices in Europe. * Knowledge implies understanding. However, it is not automatic. It’s perhaps the greatest paradox of our time that we have access to unprecedented levels of information, but at the same time, we’re potentially more uninformed than ever. * Question of whether we’re smarter now than a similar group of people in another time. Are we smarter or dumber than before? In last week’s ‘Digital Nation’ video, Mark Bauerlein, author of ‘The Dumbest Generation’ states his opinion. How do we measure smart? Studies show that tests are easier now. There is a theory that our brains are plastic and malleable. We can change/train our brains to be a certain way. Our brains do change and develop based on what we’re exposed to. That could mean that certain skills are better developed based on what they’re exposed to. * Artificial intelligence, like Watson, lacks the understanding of context like geographic based questions * This framework consists of 4 elements that we can ask that could be useful or more meaningful in determining the capacities that we have now versus the capacity we had during other times.It could be helpful in determining our intelligence. Framework (around smartness) Elements 1) Capacity to communicate with others in a manner that is rich in meaning and comprehensive. More difficult to measure, but it speaks to unique human capacities. 2) Ability for self-reflection. It’s the ability to think about oneself based on the stock of knowledge and experience that one has accumulated. It’s the idea that we are always growing during our lifetime. Every day we learn a little bit more about ourselves and the world around us, and making use of that. 3) The abilit y for abstraction.It’s the ability to use different words and meanings in different contexts. 4) The ability to link different ideas or information and to draw meaningful conclusions based on these associations. This is actually analysis. Analysis is about being able to see connections and linkages. In the basic sense scheduling requires an understanding of analysis. I can’t be in two places at once. * We are less engaged than we used to be. * The problem really is the value that we give to the Internet and that kind of knowledge. * It’s about being able to regurgitate information. Misplaced metaphor is that the idea of the knowledge society is not characterized by the free flow of information but by the proprietary of information. * As smart and as quick as an individual can be, none of that in and of itself translates well into this kind of framework, and certainly not in the context of a computer like Watson. July 12 * Fluent Smith defines or identifies three distinct facets of the knowledge economy as having come together and to some degree independently. * The 3 factors that came together are: 1. Prevalence of ICTs, so quite literally the technology. 2.Globalization which refers in many respects to economic context of our world based largely on ability to communicate globally, 3. Value of information in terms of safeguarding the value of intellectual property. The value of information as a commodity. Information has value in this context. * Those 3 trends: ICTs, globalization, and value of info have emerged independently throughout the years to redefine the context that we’re in. * It’s the absence of learning however that highlights the challenge set out to potential of Internet. * Our emphasis is on amusement and convenience.Those are 2 concepts that really inform what we are doing with the Internet. * Driver of the Internet has become commerce. * With commerce as the driver we are much concerned about the governance o f states. * Commerce has begun to define the world as an image that suits the design of free capital. * Page 171: table that talks about old and new paradigm **** Review; It is useful to think of companies like RIM and Apple when looking at the 2 sides of the table. * In the text, there is an extent of focus on ecommerce: GO THROUGH ON YOUR OWN; It is worth looking at impact that digitization has on distribution of media that is ocused on in this article * Fluent Smith argues is that digitization of content has eliminated many of traditional bottlenecks in media. * The traditional bottlenecks (narrow opening) access to info was slowed down at that point; distribution such as newspapers that control access and thereby created these bottlenecks. * What fluent smith argued is the fact that we can access this info online without those bottlenecks (controllers of information, gatekeepers) they argue that popularity is no longer a prerequisite for profit * Teachers experience is different : Certainly, that is true to some extent. Personally I find that in as much as we have access to a diversity of media so we can follow and watch and track countless sources and streams of information, the fact is that we are in many respects all drawing on a very narrow cross section, that we are still very much tuned into things that are popular, that go viral, songs that are hits, movies that are blockbusters. One might suspect that we are becoming more diverse, not engaged in mass culture where we share same views. I don’t see that! Any thoughts on that?How much do you feel in terms of your experience, that you are a part of a larger group vs a much more diversified group of individuals? Take a classroom like this. Do you have a sense of mass culture? * Classroom today vs. 50 years ago is so much more diverse. * Fluent smith is suggesting that need for popularity no longer exists, and that has to do with commerce. You don’t need to have mass appeal anymore to genera te profit. And it is there that he asked that question. * In 2008, google had a trillion distinct urls in its embassies. That suggests that there’s a whole lot of information. Half a trillion urls contain important meaningful, thoughtful, relatively accurate information. * Then the question becomes how we distinguish quality content from garbage content. The idea that we actually don’t have the tools to distinguish the two. * One of the things fluent smith highlights is the work of clay churky, commentator on technology and what he calls the cognitive surplus. * It speaks to what we do with our spare time and what would happen if we used it productively, the potential there. * This idea that time that we spent is not passive. A dedicated period of active focus, out of the box, off the mainstream thinking. One of the things that comes up with respect to this challenge and access and info overload is what fluent smith refers to as identifying 3 basic problems: * Misinfor mation * Information that is wrong. Therefore we draw conclusions from that not knowing they are incorrect. * Disinformation * Information that objectively speaking is not wrong but is there intentionally to mislead you. * Excess of information * The way that he sees it is the Internet is equivalent to our access to a trillion recipes. All sorts of recipes. We have access to info but losing ability to apply info.We have lots of recipes but don’t know how to cook. The thinking is being taken out of applying info and acquiring knowledge and we are invited much more now to access info that someone has accessed for us. The challenge is we can sell info in a knowledge economy but we are at a loss at applying info in a way that is equivalent to knowledge. Like creativity, knowledge is not easily bought or sold. * Chapter 9 focuses more on regulation of internet, focus on potential that internet embodies and risk that this potential is put at as a regulatory apparatus and is emergin g to safeguard the value of the info that is on the internet. A lot of questions and issues around info online are dealt with legal apparatus * A lot of ruling described are finding regulation in context of traditional commodities as opposed to intellectual property that exists online. * We see the extent of exiting property regimes to traditional goods and services being applied in an online environment and it is interesting to observe that because it is the internet that originally foreshadowed that regulation information was to be legalized entirely. Suggested that it was revolution that will entirely change the sharing of information because of regulation. Article (don’t know which one†¦. sorry) assigned where it highlights different contexts where what kind of info is being regulated in different countries. Not so much HOW, but WHAT. * The issue of regulation, term raised is â€Å"forbearance†, which is the approach that most governments have taken with respe ct to the regulation of the Internet. * Forbearanceabsence of regulation. Even though it is about not doing anything, it is still in itself a policy option. Forbearance applies to content of Internet as opposed to the carriage of information. * Content refers to the WHAT information.Carriage refers to the HOW and WHOM. * It is in the context of content that forbearance is a policy option. * Regulation of media in Canada is CRTC Canadian Radio and Television + Communications Commission. It is the regulator of media and telecommunications in Canada. * Important distinction that exists in regulation of media vs. new media or social media. And that is with respect to traditional media, the CRTC regulated both carriage and content as opposed to regulating only carriage. * What aspects of traditional media must have been regulated? Canadian content. * What does that mean?It refers to the need for programming to originate in Canada. * Obligation to play a certain proportion of Canadian mus ic (maybe 30%), then the radio station will play a lot of Canadian songs between midnight and 6 am that you wouldn’t otherwise hear. Has also been an issue in the production of magazines. * The reason is if those regulations didn’t exist, it is argued that there would be no Canadian television shows, music, magazines. Canadian programming sometimes receives subsidies from gvt in order to support it. It is hard to compete in the marketplace dominated by Hollywood movies. Another thing that CRTC regulates is decency AND French/English/Other * Standards of decency change and we have seen that over our life course that we could watch in tv has changed, crtc seeks to reflect change in culture in terms of what is considered appropriate language and nudity, and what is considered inappropriate. Term used is ACCEPTABILITY OF PROGRAMMING. * Availability of service: bell Canada in exchange for its monopoly had to provide internet access everywhere reasonably in Canada. It was no t simply allowed to provide service in some places.If the policy option with respect to access is one of forbearance is what we would have seen because it is only profitable to apply in urban centers. * Regulation of CRTC relates to something specific, the regulation of advertising. It is important to say when looking at all regulations that this trend has been toward deregulation certainly over the past 30 years * Deregulation of traditional media: bodies in Canada were taken out of various aspects of the regulation of media, not entirely, but a trend towards deregulation. Interesting to watch in context of advertising. Subliminal advertising: the idea that advertisers where trying to use messages that you weren’t actually aware that you are receiving but would act on your subconscious: flashing a hotdog on a screen while watching football makes you want a hotdog. * Interesting trend in advertising like in Canada that is regulated is pharmaceutical drugs basically. Ads for V iagra. Cant provide name of drug and tell us what it does. Either NAME or what it does. Viagra has been quite creative in developing ads that tell us what the drug is and not what it does. We have learned to infer. Alcohol and tobacco are also regulated. Alcohol restricted in where it can appear. Tobacco has disappeared from television. * All that regulation and trend in deregulation has found itself as a nonissue in the internet. * Access to the internet is regulated, content is not regulated. * Important to know that although content is not regulated, general laws still applies (example: pornography for children). * We are talking about regulation of content by CRTC. * Hate crime is also criminal offense against criminal code. Cannot express things like that online and still get away with it. Ultimately, media regulation and its challenges relate to this idea of the public interest. Regulation for what? Regulation in the public interest. * Why might the regulation of pharmaceutica l drugs in Canada have those rules against Viagra? What’s the problem in saying what Viagra does? What’s the issue? * We have medicare in Canada. There are contexts in which access to prescription drugs is provided to ensured subsidized program, advertising can be to an effect. People will ask not for a drug that addresses erectile dysfunction, but for Viagra, which costs more.We don’t want to subsidize the most expensive drugs, which are the ones advertised. * There is a conflict between public interest and commercial interest. It is in the interest of manufacturers to make as much money as they can. There is always a tension between regulation and commercial interest which is in the interest of the owners of a particular product. The conflict has played itself out in the last decades in the favour that support deregulation and forbearance. * Even though commercial media is representative of private institutions, there was a public interest attached to their fu nction in society.That is what we learned from traditional media in society (public watchdog) * The presumption has been that the Internet would function in the public interest without having to regulate content or repute some kind of intentions of outcomes. Has to do with information highway. Letting what happens on the internet happen with no interference is going to be in the public’s interest, and that is in fact true. Things that help to enhance companies and interests when we least expect it. * It is the fact that states and gvt that are not regulating media that leads us to info we have now.Leads to disinformation and misinformation, and google wants to organize the info for us for their own profit. Acting in their shareholder interest NOT public interest. * We need to see our interaction in that environment on facebook and elsewhere. We need to be informed as consumers and citizens, what we are provided with, why, and at what cost whether obvious or not obvious. * One of the costs relates to surveillance. Pops up a couple of times with fluent smith. Surveillance that is explicit as well as implicit relating to use of sites online and wifi used in coffee shops for example, and our phones where our movement is tracked.July 19 * Remote controlled machine is a creative industry- other side of creativity- is the kind of the creativity that perhaps some of us don’t want to see * Just because we have ingenuity to create something doesn’t mean we ought to create it Remote Control War Film Notes * http://www. cbc. ca/documentaries/doczone/2011/remotecontrolwar/ ( read this article to be more informed) * Possible to kill someone in real time through remote control system * Drone has become the weapon of choice and has increased 300% * Unmanned revolution * Robots have been used to save lives Next development is a multitasking robot (called bear) * You don’t confront the harm that you are causing when you are using drones- moral issues * Insurgents put themselves in populated areas- collateral damage * Robots are a closer to a washing machine * Robots are not autonomous they remote controlled * Wish to have fully autonomous robot with face recognition and night vision * Autonomy is the end goal * Humans can only make a number finite decisions * Humans are the weak link – cannot make decisions in lightning speed * Having the people in the loop is bad Brains operate in a fixed rate * We have one thing over robots- we have reasoning and judgment * Swarm- cannot be under human control; they organize themselves; the negotiate among themselves; focus on a single task * Big enough swarm; humans cannot focus on this; just way too many of them * Drone created under the Bush administration and became more success * No declared war in Afghanistan; drone are a way to go beyond the rules of war * No idea of the rules or decisions that constitute the use of drones * The use of drones; there is a lack of transparency In the CSI’s part; and believed to mostly illegal Fluent smith * Introduced access to the Internet; is it a human right? * There are ppl who lead a traditional life- do not use the internet * At some point all people are going to need to use the internet * It invites us to think Last chapter * Teacher highlights that in 2010 the internet usage surpassed the time spent watching television; Teacher surprised to see that not happen earlier * Is â€Å"Google making us stupid† Intellectual technologies- extend our mental abilities * Argument: we are becoming pancake people â€Å"breadth but not depth† * Reading has now become like riding jet ski- skimming the surface * Fluent: we are not applying the same kind of rigor then we did in the context of traditional media. Don’t have this in the Internet.Role of journalism is being supplanted by other media- blogging, citizen news * Fluent: emphasizes mobility; as a unique and new facet * Hive mind; depicted in the rob ots; no one controlling mind; do their own thing; one of the features of jeopardy with respect with Watson; we see what Watson is thinking; process the comp goes through when the question is asked and answered; â€Å"I’m 77% that it is this answer† * Fluent: we are always on† now as technology users; capacity to be in constant communication; there is a potential in their that becomes a kin to a hive; displaces the need to think for our selves * Grey elephant in Denmark; we think we are thinking our own thoughts but we are thinking the same as everyone else * Focus on the authors â€Å"internet of thing† the meaning of the Internet is no longer defined by the technologies that we physically see.Now what technology enables * Central feature and that feature is a screen â€Å"archeologist†. The screen is the physical manifestation of that interface of technology * Screen is a light * We are like moths – we are drawn to lights and difficult to pu ll are selves away from- fascination and reliance of screens