How Global Changes Affect You Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2641 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? When I study this subject, I understand the importance of business. I know that, business can be defined as a person, partnership, or cooperation that seeks to provide goods and services to others at a profit. Besides that, this course can have a major impact on your career direction and future success regardless of whether you major in business, the sciences, or the liberal arts. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Global Changes Affect You Business Essay" essay for you Create order Whatever you major may be, you are likely to end up pursuing a career in a business setting. For example, if you major in science, you may work for a biotechnology firm and can benefit from an understanding of business concepts such as managing an organization, working with employees, and managing employees. If you select journalism as a major, you may work for a media or publishing firm and, therefore, can benefit from an understanding of business concepts such as providing a product desired by consumers. Business concepts such as creating ideas, leadership, teamwork, and quality control are relevant to almost everyone, no matter what career is chosen. An Introduction to Business course provides the foundation of business knowledge that can enable you to utilize your talents in the business world. It also provides you with an overview of many different business worlds. It also provides you with an overview of many different business topics, allowing you to determine the specific fie ld of business. Introduction of Business Environment Business environment is that which surrounds a business. It affects a business. It is dynamic in the sense it keeps changing. Since it is composed of many factors, it is important for a company to study and monitor its environment carefully. This is so that the business does not go wrong in its planning process for its current and future plans. The changes in the environment may be good or bad for a particular business. They can affect the business in a positive or a negative way. It becomes essential to monitor the environment, especially the external, uncontrollable part of the environment. Since there are innumerable components that make up the total environment, a careful understanding of each and the implications of the changes of each factor need to be done. This facilitates the strategic planning process. Just as a human being take decisions based on his or his surrounding environment, example: parent, siblings, peer group, teachers, role models, health, attitude, socio-econ omic status. 1.2 The Economic and Legal Environment People are willing to start new businesses if they believe that the risk of losing their money isnt too great. Part of that risk involves the economic system and how government works with or against businesses. Government can do a lot to lessen the risk of starting businesses and thus increase entrepreneurship and wealth. For example, a government can keep taxes and regulations to a minimum. Another way for government to actively promote entrepreneurship is to allow private ownership of businesses. In some countries, the government owns most businesses, and theres little incentive for people to work hard or create profit. All around the world today, however, governments are selling those businesses to private individual to create more wealth. One of the best things the governments of developing countries can do is to minimize interference with the free exchange of goods and services. 1.3 The Technological Environment Technological factors sometimes pose serious problems. A firm that unable to cope with technological changes may not be survived. Further, the differing technological environment of different markets or countries may be called for product modifications. Besides that, Technology also is the most important elements of the macro environment. Furthermore Technology is the human being innovation and it literally wonder Technology helps to human being go to the moon, travelling the spaceships, other side of the globe with few hours. Advances in the technologies have facilitated product improvements and introduction of new products and have considerably improved the marketability of the products. The fast changes in technologies also create problems for enterprises as that render. Plants and product obsolete. Today adopt changers in technology to achieve successful in business and industry. Internet and telecom system also is the important part of technological development in the world . These things today changed whole world. It changes people and business operation. It leads to many new business opportunities apart from the many existing systems. Technological environment characteristics are outlined: The find of technological change Opportunities are arising out of technological developments. Risk and uncertain is the major feature of the technological developments. Research and development role to country Technology and business activities are to be highly considerable, interrelated and interdependent. Technology output/fruits available to society through business activities in this way improve the quality of life in the society. Therefore, technology nurtured by business. 1.4 The Social Environment Demography is the statistical study of the human population with regard to its size, density, and other characteristics such as age, race, gender, and income. The particularly interested in the demographic trends that most affect business and career choices. Managing Diversity has come to mean much more than recruiting and keeping minorities and women. Many more groups are now included in diversity efforts. For example, the list of 26 diversity groups identified by Federated Department Stores includes seniors, the disable, homosexuals, atheists, extroverts, introverts, married people, singles, and the devout. 1.5 The Global Environment The global environment may affect all firms directly or indirectly. Some firm rely on foreign countries for some of their supplies or sell their products in various countries. They may even establish subsidiaries in foreign countries where they can products and sell to them. Even if a firm is not planning to sell its products in foreign countries, it must be aware of the global environment because it may face foreign competition when it sells its product locally. Furthermore, global economic conditions can affect local economic conditions. It economic condition weaken in foreign countries, the foreign demand for U.S. products will decrease. Consequently, sales by U.S. firms will decrease, and this may result in some layoffs. The general income level in the United state will decline, and U.S. consumers will have less money to spend. The demand for all products will decline, even those that are sold only in the United States. Thus, even firms that have no international business can b e affected by the global environment. 1.5.1 How Global Changes Affect You As businesses expand to serve global markets, new jobs will be created in both manufacturing and service industries. U.S. exports are expected to continue to increase under new trade agreements that will lead to expansion of the job market both in the United States and globally. Global trade also means global competition. The students who will prosper are those who are prepared for the markets of tomorrow. That means that you must prepare yourself now to compete in a rapidly changing worldwide environment. Conclusion During this chapter I learn that type of the environment, and also know that this four type of environment will effects our business environement Introduction of Ownerships When entrepreneurs establish a business, they must decide on the form of business ownership. There are three basic forms of business ownership: sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation. The form that is chosen can affect the profitability, risk, and value of the firm. The business ownership decision determines how the earnings of a business are distributed among the owners of the business, the degree of liability of each owner, the degree of control that each owner has in running the business, the potential return of the business, and the risk of the business. These types of decisions are necessary for all business. Sole Proprietorship A business owned by a single owner is referred to as a sole proprietorship. The owner of a sole proprietorship is called a sole proprietor. A sole proprietor may obtain loans from creditors to help finance the firms operations, but these loans do not represent ownership. The sole proprietor is obligated to cover any payments resulting from the loans but does not need to share the business profits with creditors. Typical examples of sole proprietorships include a local restaurant, a local construction firm, a barber shop, a laundry service, and a local clothing store. About 70 percent of all firms in the United States are sole proprietorship. But because these firms are relatively small, they generate less than 10 percent of all business revenue. The earnings generated by a sole proprietorship are considered to be personal income received by the proprietor and are subject to personal income taxes collected by the Internal Revenue Service. Characteristics of Sole Proprietors Sole proprietors must be willing to accept full responsibility for the firms performance. The pressure of this responsibility can be must greater than any employees responsibility. Besides of this, Sole proprietors must also be willing to work flexible hours. They are on call at all times and may even have to substitute for a sick employee. Other than that, their responsibility for the success of the business encourages them to continually monitor business operations. They must exhibit strong leadership skills, be well organized, and communicate skill well with employees. Many successful sole proprietors had precious work experience in the market in which they are competing, perhaps as an employee in a competitors firm. For example, restaurant managers commonly establish their own restaurant. Experience is critical to understanding the competition and the behavior of customers in a particular market. Advantages of a Sole Proprietorship Easy Organization Establishing a sole proprietorship is relatively easy. The legal requirements are minimal. A sole proprietorship need not establish a separate legal entity. The owner must register the firm with the state, which can normally be done by mail. The owner may also need to apply for an occupational license to conduct a particular type of business. The specific license requirements vary with the state and even the city where the business is located. Complete control Having only one owner with complete control of the firm eliminates the chance of conflicts during the decision on the menu, the prices, and the salaries paid to employees. Lower Taxes Because the earnings in a proprietorship are considered to be personal income, they may be subject to lower taxes than those imposed on some other forms of business ownership. Total Decision-Making Authority Because the sole proprietor is in total control of the operations, he or she can respond quickly to changes, which is an asset in a rapidly shifting market. The freedom to set the companys course of action is a major motivational force. For those who thrive on the enjoyment of seeking new proprietors thrive on the feeling of control they have over their personal financial futures and the recognition they earn as the owners of their business. Disadvantages of a Sole Proprietorship The Sole Proprietor Incurs All Losses Just as sole proprietors do not have to share the profits, they are unable to share any losses that the firm incurs. For example, assume you invest $10,000 of your funds in a lawn service and borrow an additional $8,000 that you invest in the business. Unfortunately, the revenue is barely sufficient to pay salaries to your employees, and you terminate the firm. You have not only lost all of your $10,000 investment in the firm but also are liable for $8,000 that you borrowed. Since you are the sole proprietor, no other owners are available to help cover the losses. Unlimited Liability A sole proprietor is subject to unlimited liability, which means there is no limit on the debts for which the owner is liable. If a sole proprietors is sued, the sole proprietor is personally liable for an judgment against that firm. Limited Skills A sole proprietor has limited skills and may be unable to control all parts of the business. For example, a sole proprietor may have difficulty running a large medical practice because different types of expertise may be needed. Limited Funds A sole proprietor may have limited funds available to invest in the firm. Thus, sole proprietors have difficulty engaging in airplane manufacturing, shipbuilding, computer manufacturing, and other business that require substantial funds. Sole proprietors have limited funds to support the firms expansion or to absorb temporary losses. A poorly performing firm may improve if given sufficient time. But if this firm cannot obtain additional funds to make up for its losses, it may not be able to continue in business long enough to recover. Partnership A business that is co-owned by two people or more than two people is referred to as a partnership. The co-owners of the business are called partners. The co-owners must register the partnership with the state and may need to apply for an occupation license. About 10 percent of all firms are partnerships. Besides of this, in a general partnership, all partners have unlimited liability. That is, the partners are personally liable for all obligations of the firm. Conversely, in a limited partnership, the firm has some limited partners, or partners whose liability is limited to the cash or property they contributed to the partnerships. Limited partners are only investors in the partnership and do not participate in its management, but because they have invested in the business, they share its profits or losses. A limited partnership has one or more general partners, or partners who manage the business, receive a salary, share the profits or losses of the business, and have unlimited li ability. The earnings distributed to each partners represent personal income and are subject to personal income taxes collect by the IRS. Disadvantages of Partnerships Lack of Continuity If one partner dies, complications arise. Partnership interest is often nontransferable through inheritance because the remaining partner may not want to be in a partnership with the person who inherits the deceased partners interest. Partners can make provisions in the partnership agreement to avoid dissolution due to death if all parties agree to accept as partners those who inherit the deceaseds interest. Control is shared The decision making in a partnership must be shared. If the partners disagree about how the business should be run, business and personal relationships may be destroyed. Some owners of firms do not have the skills to manage a business. Unlimited Liability General partners in a partnership are subject to unlimited liability, just like sole proprietors. Profits Are Shared Any profits that the partnership generates must be shared among all partners. The more partners there are, the smaller the amount of a given level of profits that will be distributed to any individual partner. Conclusion Of my opinion I would like to choose Sole Proprietors, because it is better than Partnerships. Besides that, it is lower taxes because the earnings in a proprietorship are considered to be personal incomes, they may be subject to lower taxes than those imposed on some other forms of business ownership. Other than that, Sole Proprietors make us easy and quickly do decision and making authority. Because the sole proprietor is in total control of the operations, he or she can respond quickly to changes, which is an asset in a rapidly shifting market. The freedom to set the companys course of action is a major motivational force. For those who thrive on the enjoyment of seeking new proprietors thrive on the feeling of control they have over their personal financial futures and the recognition they earn as the owners of their business. Other than that, Sole proprietors is much more better than Partnerships because of Partnerships much more disadvantages then Sole Proprietors. If one par tner dies, complications arise. Partnership interest is often nontransferable through inheritance because the remaining partner may not want to be in a partnership with the person who inherits the deceased partners interest. Partners can make provisions in the partnership agreement to avoid dissolution due to death if all parties agree to accept as partners those who inherit the deceaseds interest.

Looking Backward By Edward Bellamy, And Fahrenheit 451

Have you ever wondered what a perfect world would be like? To you it could mean no more war, no more poverty, every person of every race and gender being treated exactly the same. However, to someone else their idea of a perfect world could be the complete opposite of what you would want. In Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy, and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury the idea of a perfect world is not just an idea anymore, it becomes reality. Nevertheless, both books â€Å"perfect world† are completely different from one another. The theme of both books is to try and find that perfect world, and maintain it. While there are many may differences between the two, the underlying truth still remains the same. In Bellamy’s novel, we start out in the late nineteenth century. Julian West, the main character, was born into an aristocratic family. Just as the rest of his class did, Julian thought of himself to be a higher rated citizen to the rest of the population. Julian had everyth ing, even his fiancà © Edith was an aristocrat, and together they felt as if they could take on the world. The gap between the rich and the poor sometimes affected the rich just as much as it did the poor. The two were to get married as soon as their house was finished, but strikes from the poor construction workers were prolonging that process. Julian had been suffering from insomnia all of his life, so he hired a hypnotist to help him get his sleep. He even went to the extent to build a secret underground chamberShow MoreRelatedLooking Backwards And Fahrenheit 4511221 Words   |  5 PagesEdward Bellamy and Ray Bradbury both expressed their concerns that they had during their two different time periods. Their pieces of literature both reflected on a what-if society based on the current living conditions. Each of the main characters were both guided by people and amazed at what they could find if they broke their norm and put their heads in the mindset of creating or living in a better society. In each of the novels Looking Backwards and Fahrenheit 451, the authors clearly oppose whatRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Vs. Looking Backward1560 Words   |  7 PagesFahrenheit 451 vs. Looking Backward In any society, there are bound to be flaws. In both Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy and Fahrenheit 451 written by Ray Bradbury, major flaws of humanity are highlighted. Both authors discuss many issues we face, and offer ways to improve these issues. Bradbury suggests that society is too conformed, and the government is being hypocritical by telling us to fear a community in which everything is the same while facilitating that very type of place. EveryoneRead MoreEssay The Myopia of Dystopia3805 Words   |  16 Pagesdont deem the modern-day world as the good place(Hermon, Holman) but rather one of the indescribable atrocities of war, disease, hunger etc#8230; A utopian world is a difficult, if not impossible, one to forge. Novels such as Brave New World, Fahrenheit 451, and 1984 are dystopian novels, with often-satirical undertones within their pages. This works are allegories, sardonic depictions of our societies ills. Each work contain strong hard-hitting political messages with common themes such as the fineRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Critical Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Lintang Syuhada 13150024 Book Report 1 Fahrenheit 451 Critical Essay Human beings are naturally curious. We are always in search of better ideas, and new solutions to problems. One of a basic idea of Indonesia has been freedom of thinking and a free flow of ideas. But in some societies, governments try to keep their people ignorant. Usually, this is so governments can keep people under control and hold on to their power. In trying to keep people from the realities of the world, these oppressive

Samsung Electronics Announce Fourth Quarter -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Samsung Electronics Announce Fourth Quarter? Answer: Introduction Bonus and incentives is considered as one of the tool used by the companies for keeping their employees motivate, which in turn helps them provide greater performance (Richard et al, 2013). This also helps in retaining the employees for longer period and attracts greater number of potential candidates for applying in the organisation (Pandey, 2014). However, it is necessary for the organisations to have a clear and equal bonus policy for all its employees to maintain equity in the workplace. However, various organisations fail to uphold their incentive policy that leads to the undesired situation and creates unhealthy workplace environment. This study will review the case of Samsung and their unequal annual incentive distributed among the employees over departments in 2015 from a theoretical viewpoint. The company provides incentives to their employee based on the profit they generate for the organisation. However, the upper limit set for the incentive is capped at 50%. This report w ill identify and explain the limitations the company is facing in HR management and the consequences they are likely to face due to the decision made. These findings will be supported with the theories and recommend probable solution for the case. Case Analysis Samsung is a big brand in the electronics industry that offers a wide range of electronics products to their international customers. The wide range maintained by the organisation makes it necessary for them to maintain a number of divisions. The organisational policies and norms are similarly applicable to all its employees working in various divisions. However, the 2015 unequal incentive distribution case is a failure in the perspective of equality in the policies. The management of Samsung distributed a full range of incentive of 50% to their employees working in mobile division despite of their failure to perform in the financial year, whereas, distributing incentives in accordance to the performance policy followed by the organisation. The officials in Samsung believe they have followed motivational encouragement to the particular division for their hard work they put into the company in the same year and will encourage them to provide greater performance in the upcoming year. H owever, this act can be viewed from a number of perspective and theoretical stance. Motivation and Reward Sajuyigbe, Olaoye and Adeyemi (2013) have identified motivation and rewards as interrelated and inseparable phenomena. The two-factor theory as proposed by Herzberg communicates that the motivation of an employee can be controlled by two primary factors that are motivators and hygiene (Malik Naeem, 2013). Hygiene factors as proposed by Hertzberg are the basic facilities the employer is expected to pay the employees such as basic salary, facilities, job security and working condition. This however, does not directly increase the motivation, but modification in this considerably changes the employees attitude towards their work. Motivators on the other hand are the rewards and incentives that have direct impact on the motivation in the employee. However, this hardly controls the dissatisfaction of the employees. Samsungs act of providing incentive to the underperforming division can partially justified. The incentive provided to the employees will definitely increase the employee motivation as anticipated by the Samsung officials that can be viewed in 2016 sales when compared with the previous year sales (Ghazi, Shahzada Khan, 2013). On the other hand, the benefitted employees might start considering this as the hygiene that might have adverse effect and a total failure of the anticipation. Hence, the investment made during poor profit turnover can be considered as poor decision of the management. Performance Management Expectancy theory as proposed by Victor Vroom on the other hand identifies the individual behavioural adjustment that helps employees to align their personal goals with the goals set by the organisation (Suciu, Mortan Laz?r, 2013). An individual performs according to the goal satisfaction. (Parijat and Bagga, 2014) on the other hand related expectancy with motivation as satisfaction could be replaced by motivation as they can be used interchangeably. These factors help in attaining greater level of performance. Samsungs case of 2015 from this theoretical stance is considered harmful for the organisation, as the goal set by the employees will possibly be reduce and will lose harmony with the organisational goal (Suciu, Mortan Laz?r, 2013). Moreover, the visible discrimination made between the divisions of the organisation will also contribute in reduction of satisfaction level among the other employees and may turn them de-motivated. For, example, the employees from battery division of the company received only 3% incentive despite of their greater performance compared to mobile division. However, the Smartphone division of the company got encouragement that got reflected in the increased market share in 2016 compared to 2015. Employee Turnover and Retention Porter and Lawlers expectancy theory, which is considered as the modified expectancy theory of Vroom identifies the need of employee satisfaction. This theory according to Korzynski (2013) values the effort and performance put by the employees and aims to satisfy the need in accordance to the performance delivered. Agwu (2013) further states that the amount of satisfaction is equal to the amount of reward received for the effort they put in. Samsung in 2015 provided the reward according to the divisional performance, which can be justified using this theory. However, the unequal benefits provided may lead to the perception of less valued. This decreased motivation will increase the rate of turnover in the company and the company will likely to fail in employee retention. Employee Relation Challenges Employee relation theories communicate that employee satisfaction and cooperation is directly related to the relation made between the employee and the employer. As identified in Human Relation Theory by its key proponents mayo, Herzberg, Maslow and McGregor, the focus should be on the employees social and psychological need (Ackers, 2014). This will help building stronger bond between the employees and employer that ultimately results into greater performance and increases efficiency of the work. However, automatic or Subtle Discrimination as stated by Jones et al (2017) is often observed in the organisational setting that leads to subconscious discrimination in the workplace. The case related to Samsungs unequal incentives is a perfect example of this type of discrimination, where the employers goal of motivating particular division may lead to dissatisfaction of the others. This significantly decreases the relationship of the group with the employer. Moreover, the South Korea is the home country of Samsung, which seriously lag regarding the existence of legislative act for controlling discrimination in the workplace (Jones et al, 2017). The country holds no as such legal enforcement for stopping workplace discrimination, which is the primary issue in this case. The country lacks in gender discrimination and workplace discrimination act for safeguarding the interest of the stakeholders. This is another major issue that can be identified in case of Samsung workplace discrimination. Recommendations Samsungs incentive issue that came up in 2015 has various limitations that have been identified above. Though the issues stand separately, they are interrelated and connected through the thread of discrimination. As considered by Wood, Braeken and Niven (2013) prioritising one above all is an act of discrimination that will lead to dissatisfaction of the greater mass. Samsungs case can potentially give birth to the identified issue, which the company needs resolving. Some of the recommendations are stated below: As mentioned, the Vrooms expectancy theory identifies the level of satisfaction in terms of value. The employee performance according to the theory will only rise if they are identified and valued. Reward and incentive policy is one way of communicating value for the job well done by the employees. Hence, the company definitely needs a transparent incentive policy, which will be equally applicable for all their divisions. This will help in maintaining the fare act in the organisation that is successful in satisfying the employee expectation. Moreover, the Samsung should also seek for other appreciation methods that will satisfy the expectations and value their effort. For instance, as proposed by Karim and Arif-Uz-Zaman (2013), constant feedback system is beneficial for an organisation, which will regularly track and update the employees about their performance and appreciate the effort put in the system. This can prove beneficial for Samsung in terms of valuing employees effort and will help in motivating the employees for providing optimum performance in their workplace. Moreover, as the level of satisfaction directly indicates the chances of employee retention and turnover. This will help Samsung retaining their employees for longer period avoiding high rate of employee turnover as expected from the case scenario. As the level of satisfaction is identified by the amount of reward received, hence, this is necessary for Samsung for proper identification of the effort put as recommended earlier (Gialuisi Coetzer, 2013). However, it is being recommended to have a strong set of rules defending the policies, which has to be equal for all the divisions. Hence, it can be recommended to Samsung to revise their rules and regulations within the organisation, avoidance of which will call for significant action for the offender. This should be valid in the managerial level, which will make them take decision accordingly for treating every division with equality. As mentioned, the case of Samsung is an evidence of subtle discrimination, which is an accidental discrimination in the divisions. Keeping one happy sometimes leads to dissatisfaction of the greater mass. This has adverse impact on the employee relation and disturbs the communication within the organisation. As identified by Carter et al, (2013), transformational leadership has the capability to improve employee relationship as it treats every employee equal and is successful in motivating its employees. Hence, the employee relationship challenge that is being faced by the organisation can easily be resolved using the transformational leadership style. This will not only help in motivating the employees, but also provide equal treatment and inspiration the employees that will create healthy environment within the organisation as necessary in Samsung. Another recommendation can be made for both motivating and retaining the employees is to provide growth opportunity. The company should provide a greater growth opportunity to their employees based on transparent performance matrix. As according to Jenter and Kanaan (2015), it has the potential to successfully motivate the employees and reduce employee turnover as expected from the case. Growth opportunity satisfies various level of need that is proposed in Maslows motivational theory, especially the need of security and esteem need. Moreover, this also has the ability to supplement in performance management and significantly raise the performance provided by the employees over different divisions of Samsung. Conclusion It is possible to draw conclusion form the above discussion that the step taken by the Samsung in their incentive policy was wrong form the ethical stance. This communicated discrimination in the workplace and supplemented in polluting the environment. The case occurred in Samsung will positively de-motivate the employees from the other departments that generated greater profit for the company. As identified in the report will degrade the performance quality of the employees belonging from other departments, which received lesser incentive despite of the greater production provided. The report also identified that discrimination among the employees will alter the relation and reduce the chances of employee retention. However, the company can still manage their employees and encourage them for providing greater performance in upcoming years by following the recommendations made in the report. Last by not the least, as recommended, change in leadership is necessary before implementing the policies due to the need of employee relation. However, the recommendations made have to be transparent and maintain equity for all its employees for having greater impact. References Ackers, P. (2014). 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Towards understanding controversy on Herzberg theory of motivation.World Applied Sciences Journal,24(8), 1031-1036. news.samsung.com. (2018).Samsung Electronics Announces Fourth Quarter and FY 2016 Results. [online] Available at: https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-fourth-quarter-and-fy-2016-results [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].Pandey, P. (2014). Employee motivation and retention-key to organisational performance-in Indian perspective.International Journal of Marketing and Technology,4(4), 144. Parijat, P., Bagga, S. (2014). Victor Vrooms expectancy theory of motivationAn evaluation.International Research Journal of Business and Management (IRJBM),7(9), 1-8. Richard, J. M., Castro, D. C., DiFeliceantonio, A. G., Robinson, M. J., Berridge, K. C. (2013). Mapping brain circuits of reward and motivation: in the footsteps of Ann Kelley.Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews,37(9), 1919-1931. Sajuyigbe, A. S., Olaoye, B. O., Adeyemi, M. A. (2013). Impact of Reward on Employees Performance in a selected Manufacturing Companies in Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria.International Journal of Arts and Commerce,2(2), 27-32. Suciu, L. E., Mortan, M., Laz?r, L. (2013). Vroom's expectancy theory. An empirical study: Civil servant's performance appraisal influencing expectancy.Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences,9(39), 180-200. Wood, S., Braeken, J., Niven, K. (2013). Discrimination and well-being in organizations: Testing the differential power and organizational justice theories of workplace aggression.Journal of business ethics,115(3), 617-634.